create executable function which identifies and loads a cache if available

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          submodules: recursive
 
       - name: Setup Python (needed for Conan)
         uses: actions/setup-python@v4

.gitignore

@@ -60,4 +60,6 @@ build
 *.yy.c
 *.yy.h
 
-out.arbin
+out.arbin
+rand_test.ar
+__arcache__

.gitmodules

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[submodule "external/xxhash"]
+	path = external/xxhash
+	url = https://github.com/Cyan4973/xxHash.git
+[submodule "external/cwalk"]
+	path = external/cwalk
+	url = https://github.com/likle/cwalk.git

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ add_custom_command(
 add_custom_target(GenerateLexer DEPENDS ${LEXER_C} ${LEXER_H})
 
 # Step 3: Add executable
-add_executable(argon ${CFILES} ${LEXER_C})
+add_executable(argon external/xxhash/xxhash.c external/cwalk/src/cwalk.c ${CFILES} ${LEXER_C})
+set(CMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION TRUE)
+target_include_directories(argon PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/external/cwalk/include)
 
 # Step 4: Build order
 add_dependencies(argon GenerateLexer)
@@ -55,4 +57,6 @@ target_link_libraries(argon PRIVATE
 
 target_include_directories(argon PRIVATE
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lexer
-)
+)
+
+add_custom_command(TARGET argon POST_BUILD COMMAND ${CMAKE_STRIP} $<TARGET_FILE:argon>)

LICENSE

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+This project is licensed under the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3), except for
+some files (e.g., in the `src/hash_data/siphash/` directory) which are licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
+See the LICENSE-CC0 file in the respective directories for details.
+
                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                        Version 3, 29 June 2007
 

Makefile

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ LEXER_SRC = src/lexer/lex.l
 LEXER_C = src/lexer/lex.yy.c
 LEXER_H = src/lexer/lex.yy.h
 
-CFILES = $(shell find src -name '*.c')
+CFILES = external/xxhash/xxhash.c external/cwalk/src/cwalk.c $(shell find src -name '*.c')
-CFLAGS = $(ARCHFLAGS) -lm -lgc -lgmp -Wall -Wextra -Wno-unused-function
+CFLAGS = $(ARCHFLAGS) -lm -lgc -lgmp -Wall -Wextra -Wno-unused-function -Iexternal/cwalk/include
 BINARY = bin/argon
 
 all: $(BINARY)
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ $(BINARY): $(CFILES) $(LEXER_C) $(LEXER_H)
 	mkdir -p bin
 	gcc -O3 -o $(BINARY) $(CFILES) $(CFLAGS) -s
 
+native: $(CFILES) $(LEXER_C) $(LEXER_H)
+	mkdir -p bin
+	gcc -O3 -march=native -o $(BINARY) $(CFILES) $(CFLAGS)
+
 debug: $(CFILES) $(LEXER_C) $(LEXER_H)
 	mkdir -p bin
 	gcc -g -O0 -o $(BINARY) $(CFILES) $(CFLAGS)
@@ -26,7 +30,7 @@ full-debug: $(CFILES) $(LEXER_C) $(LEXER_H)
 optimised: $(CFILES) $(LEXER_C) $(LEXER_H)
 	mkdir -p bin
 	gcc -O3 -fprofile-generate -o $(BINARY) $(CFILES) $(CFLAGS)
-	${BINARY} test.ar
+	${BINARY} rand_test.ar
 	gcc -O3 -fprofile-use -o $(BINARY) $(CFILES) $(CFLAGS)
 	
 

debug_arbin.py

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+import struct
+from enum import Enum, EnumMeta, auto
+
+class AutoEnumMeta(EnumMeta):
+    @classmethod
+    def __prepare__(metacls, clsname, bases, **kwargs):
+        d = super().__prepare__(clsname, bases, **kwargs)
+        d['_next_value'] = 254
+        return d
+
+    def _generate_next_value_(cls, name, start, count, last_values):
+        value = cls._next_value
+        cls._next_value += 1
+        return value
+
+class OperationType(Enum, metaclass=AutoEnumMeta):
+    OP_LOAD_CONST = auto()
+    OP_DECLARE = auto()
+    OP_LOAD_NULL = auto()
+    OP_JUMP = auto()
+
+class Types(Enum, metaclass=AutoEnumMeta):
+    TYPE_OP_STRING = auto()
+    TYPE_OP_NUMBER = auto()
+
+def read_arbin(filename):
+    with open(filename, "rb") as f:
+        # Read and verify file identifier (4 bytes)
+        file_id = f.read(4)
+        if file_id != b"ARBI":
+            raise ValueError("Invalid file identifier")
+
+        # Read version number (uint64_t, little-endian)
+        version_number, = struct.unpack("<Q", f.read(8))
+
+        # Read regCount, constantsSize, bytecodeSize (all uint64_t, little-endian)
+        reg_count, = struct.unpack("<Q", f.read(8))
+        constants_size, = struct.unpack("<Q", f.read(8))
+        bytecode_size, = struct.unpack("<Q", f.read(8))
+
+        # Read constants buffer (raw bytes)
+        constants = f.read(constants_size)
+
+        # Read bytecode array (uint64_t, little-endian)
+        bytecode = []
+        for _ in range(bytecode_size):
+            instr, = struct.unpack("<Q", f.read(8))
+            bytecode.append(instr)
+
+    return {
+        "version": version_number,
+        "register_count": reg_count,
+        "constants_size": constants_size,
+        "bytecode_size": bytecode_size,
+        "constants": constants,
+        "bytecode": bytecode,
+    }
+
+class print_opcode:
+    def start(registers,data, i):
+        print()
+        match data['bytecode'][i]:
+            case OperationType.OP_LOAD_CONST.value:
+                return print_opcode.OP_LOAD_CONST(registers,data, i)
+            case OperationType.OP_DECLARE.value:
+                return print_opcode.OP_DECLARE(registers,data, i)
+            case OperationType.OP_LOAD_NULL.value:
+                return print_opcode.OP_LOAD_NULL(registers,data, i)
+                
+    def OP_LOAD_CONST(registers,data, i) -> int:
+        print("OP_LOAD_CONST ", end="")
+        i+=1
+        register = data["bytecode"][i]
+        print("To Register",register,"", end="")
+        i+=1
+        match data["bytecode"][i]:
+            case Types.TYPE_OP_STRING.value:
+                print("TYPE_OP_STRING ", end="")
+            case Types.TYPE_OP_NUMBER.value:
+                print("TYPE_OP_NUMBER ", end="")
+        i+=1
+        length = data["bytecode"][i]
+        i+=1
+        offset = data["bytecode"][i]
+        i+=1
+        print("Length",length,"", end="")
+        print("Offset",offset,"")
+        registers[register] = data["constants"][offset:offset+length].decode()
+        print("const value:", registers[register])
+        return i
+
+    def OP_DECLARE(registers,data, i) -> int:
+        print("OP_DECLARE ", end="")
+        i+=1
+        length = data["bytecode"][i]
+        i+=1
+        offset = data["bytecode"][i]
+        i+=1
+        from_register = data["bytecode"][i]
+        i+=1
+        print("Name Length",length,"", end="")
+        print("Name Offset",offset,"", end="")
+        print("From Register",from_register,"")
+        print("output: let", data['constants'][offset:offset+length].decode(),'=',registers[from_register])
+        return i
+    def OP_LOAD_NULL(registers,data, i) -> int:
+        print("OP_LOAD_NULL ", end="")
+        i+=1
+        to_register = data["bytecode"][i]
+        i+=1
+        print("To Register",to_register,"")
+        registers[to_register] = "null"
+        return i
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    filename = "out.arbin"
+    data = read_arbin(filename)
+    print(f"Version: {data['version']}")
+    print(f"Register Count: {data['register_count']}")
+    print(f"Constants Size: {data['constants_size']} bytes")
+    print(f"Bytecode Length: {data['bytecode_size']} elements")
+
+    registers = ["null"]*data['register_count']
+
+    i=0
+    while i<len(data["bytecode"]):
+        i=print_opcode.start(registers,data,i)

gentest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import random
+myfile = open("rand_test.ar","w")
+
+for i in range(10000000):
+  myfile.write("\"")
+  myfile.write(str(random.random())[2::])
+  myfile.write("\"\n")

src/dynamic_array/darray.h

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h> // for size_t
 
-#define CHUNK_SIZE 1024
+#define CHUNK_SIZE 1048576
 
 typedef struct {
   void *data;

src/hash_data/hash_data.c

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include "siphash/siphash.h"
+#include "hash_data.h"
+
+uint8_t siphash_key[16];
+uint8_t empty_siphash_key[16];
+
+void generate_siphash_key(uint8_t hash_key[16]) {
+  int fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
+  if (fd < 0 || read(fd, hash_key, 16) != 16) {
+    // Fallback or abort
+  }
+  close(fd);
+}
+
+uint64_t siphash64_bytes(const void *data, size_t len,uint8_t hash_key[16]) {
+  uint8_t out[8];
+  if (siphash(data, len, hash_key, out, sizeof(out)) != 0)
+    return 0;
+
+  uint64_t hash = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
+    hash |= ((uint64_t)out[i]) << (8 * i);
+
+  return hash;
+}

src/hash_data/hash_data.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#ifndef HASH_DATA_H
+#define HASH_DATA_H
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+extern uint8_t siphash_key[16];
+extern uint8_t empty_siphash_key[16];
+
+void generate_siphash_key(uint8_t siphash_key[16]);
+uint64_t siphash64_bytes(const void *data, size_t len,uint8_t siphash_key[16]);
+#endif //HASH_DATA_H

src/hash_data/siphash/LICENSE_CC0

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+This license applies **only** to the files that explicitly state at the top of the file that they are under CC0 1.0 Universal.
+
+All other files in this project are licensed under the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3) unless otherwise stated.
+
+Please refer to the LICENSE file in the root directory for the main project license.
+
+CC0 1.0 Universal
+
+Statement of Purpose
+
+The laws of most jurisdictions throughout the world automatically confer
+exclusive Copyright and Related Rights (defined below) upon the creator and
+subsequent owner(s) (each and all, an "owner") of an original work of
+authorship and/or a database (each, a "Work").
+
+Certain owners wish to permanently relinquish those rights to a Work for the
+purpose of contributing to a commons of creative, cultural and scientific
+works ("Commons") that the public can reliably and without fear of later
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+and redistribute as freely as possible in any form whatsoever and for any
+purposes, including without limitation commercial purposes. These owners may
+contribute to the Commons to promote the ideal of a free culture and the
+further production of creative, cultural and scientific works, or to gain
+reputation or greater distribution for their Work in part through the use and
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+
+For these and/or other purposes and motivations, and without any expectation
+of additional consideration or compensation, the person associating CC0 with a
+Work (the "Affirmer"), to the extent that he or she is an owner of Copyright
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+and publicly distribute the Work under its terms, with knowledge of his or her
+Copyright and Related Rights in the Work and the meaning and intended legal
+effect of CC0 on those rights.
+
+1. Copyright and Related Rights. A Work made available under CC0 may be
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+
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+
+2. Waiver. To the greatest extent permitted by, but not in contravention of,
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+of the date CC0 was applied by Affirmer to the Work. Should any part of the
+License for any reason be judged legally invalid or ineffective under
+applicable law, such partial invalidity or ineffectiveness shall not
+invalidate the remainder of the License, and in such case Affirmer hereby
+affirms that he or she will not (i) exercise any of his or her remaining
+Copyright and Related Rights in the Work or (ii) assert any associated claims
+and causes of action with respect to the Work, in either case contrary to
+Affirmer's express Statement of Purpose.
+
+4. Limitations and Disclaimers.
+
+  a. No trademark or patent rights held by Affirmer are waived, abandoned,
+  surrendered, licensed or otherwise affected by this document.
+
+  b. Affirmer offers the Work as-is and makes no representations or warranties
+  of any kind concerning the Work, express, implied, statutory or otherwise,
+  including without limitation warranties of title, merchantability, fitness
+  for a particular purpose, non infringement, or the absence of latent or
+  other defects, accuracy, or the present or absence of errors, whether or not
+  discoverable, all to the greatest extent permissible under applicable law.
+
+  c. Affirmer disclaims responsibility for clearing rights of other persons
+  that may apply to the Work or any use thereof, including without limitation
+  any person's Copyright and Related Rights in the Work. Further, Affirmer
+  disclaims responsibility for obtaining any necessary consents, permissions
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+
+  d. Affirmer understands and acknowledges that Creative Commons is not a
+  party to this document and has no duty or obligation with respect to this
+  CC0 or use of the Work.
+
+For more information, please see
+<http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>

src/hash_data/siphash/siphash.c

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/*
+ * This file is dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0 Universal.
+ * See the LICENSE-CC0 file in this directory for details.
+ *
+ * SipHash reference C implementation
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2022 Jean-Philippe Aumasson
+ *   <jeanphilippe.aumasson@gmail.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2014 Daniel J. Bernstein <djb@cr.yp.to>
+ *
+ * To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright
+ * and related and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain
+ * worldwide. This software is distributed without any warranty.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along
+ * with this software. If not, see
+ * <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+ */
+
+#include "siphash.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+/* default: SipHash-2-4 */
+#ifndef cROUNDS
+#define cROUNDS 2
+#endif
+#ifndef dROUNDS
+#define dROUNDS 4
+#endif
+
+#define ROTL(x, b) (uint64_t)(((x) << (b)) | ((x) >> (64 - (b))))
+
+#define U32TO8_LE(p, v)                                                        \
+    (p)[0] = (uint8_t)((v));                                                   \
+    (p)[1] = (uint8_t)((v) >> 8);                                              \
+    (p)[2] = (uint8_t)((v) >> 16);                                             \
+    (p)[3] = (uint8_t)((v) >> 24);
+
+#define U64TO8_LE(p, v)                                                        \
+    U32TO8_LE((p), (uint32_t)((v)));                                           \
+    U32TO8_LE((p) + 4, (uint32_t)((v) >> 32));
+
+#define U8TO64_LE(p)                                                           \
+    (((uint64_t)((p)[0])) | ((uint64_t)((p)[1]) << 8) |                        \
+     ((uint64_t)((p)[2]) << 16) | ((uint64_t)((p)[3]) << 24) |                 \
+     ((uint64_t)((p)[4]) << 32) | ((uint64_t)((p)[5]) << 40) |                 \
+     ((uint64_t)((p)[6]) << 48) | ((uint64_t)((p)[7]) << 56))
+
+#define SIPROUND                                                               \
+    do {                                                                       \
+        v0 += v1;                                                              \
+        v1 = ROTL(v1, 13);                                                     \
+        v1 ^= v0;                                                              \
+        v0 = ROTL(v0, 32);                                                     \
+        v2 += v3;                                                              \
+        v3 = ROTL(v3, 16);                                                     \
+        v3 ^= v2;                                                              \
+        v0 += v3;                                                              \
+        v3 = ROTL(v3, 21);                                                     \
+        v3 ^= v0;                                                              \
+        v2 += v1;                                                              \
+        v1 = ROTL(v1, 17);                                                     \
+        v1 ^= v2;                                                              \
+        v2 = ROTL(v2, 32);                                                     \
+    } while (0)
+
+#ifdef DEBUG_SIPHASH
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define TRACE                                                                  \
+    do {                                                                       \
+        printf("(%3zu) v0 %016" PRIx64 "\n", inlen, v0);                       \
+        printf("(%3zu) v1 %016" PRIx64 "\n", inlen, v1);                       \
+        printf("(%3zu) v2 %016" PRIx64 "\n", inlen, v2);                       \
+        printf("(%3zu) v3 %016" PRIx64 "\n", inlen, v3);                       \
+    } while (0)
+#else
+#define TRACE
+#endif
+
+/*
+    Computes a SipHash value
+    *in: pointer to input data (read-only)
+    inlen: input data length in bytes (any size_t value)
+    *k: pointer to the key data (read-only), must be 16 bytes 
+    *out: pointer to output data (write-only), outlen bytes must be allocated
+    outlen: length of the output in bytes, must be 8 or 16
+*/
+int siphash(const void *in, const size_t inlen, const void *k, uint8_t *out,
+            const size_t outlen) {
+
+    const unsigned char *ni = (const unsigned char *)in;
+    const unsigned char *kk = (const unsigned char *)k;
+
+    assert((outlen == 8) || (outlen == 16));
+    uint64_t v0 = UINT64_C(0x736f6d6570736575);
+    uint64_t v1 = UINT64_C(0x646f72616e646f6d);
+    uint64_t v2 = UINT64_C(0x6c7967656e657261);
+    uint64_t v3 = UINT64_C(0x7465646279746573);
+    uint64_t k0 = U8TO64_LE(kk);
+    uint64_t k1 = U8TO64_LE(kk + 8);
+    uint64_t m;
+    int i;
+    const unsigned char *end = ni + inlen - (inlen % sizeof(uint64_t));
+    const int left = inlen & 7;
+    uint64_t b = ((uint64_t)inlen) << 56;
+    v3 ^= k1;
+    v2 ^= k0;
+    v1 ^= k1;
+    v0 ^= k0;
+
+    if (outlen == 16)
+        v1 ^= 0xee;
+
+    for (; ni != end; ni += 8) {
+        m = U8TO64_LE(ni);
+        v3 ^= m;
+
+        TRACE;
+        for (i = 0; i < cROUNDS; ++i)
+            SIPROUND;
+
+        v0 ^= m;
+    }
+
+    switch (left) {
+    case 7:
+        b |= ((uint64_t)ni[6]) << 48;
+        /* FALLTHRU */
+    case 6:
+        b |= ((uint64_t)ni[5]) << 40;
+        /* FALLTHRU */
+    case 5:
+        b |= ((uint64_t)ni[4]) << 32;
+        /* FALLTHRU */
+    case 4:
+        b |= ((uint64_t)ni[3]) << 24;
+        /* FALLTHRU */
+    case 3:
+        b |= ((uint64_t)ni[2]) << 16;
+        /* FALLTHRU */
+    case 2:
+        b |= ((uint64_t)ni[1]) << 8;
+        /* FALLTHRU */
+    case 1:
+        b |= ((uint64_t)ni[0]);
+        break;
+    case 0:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    v3 ^= b;
+
+    TRACE;
+    for (i = 0; i < cROUNDS; ++i)
+        SIPROUND;
+
+    v0 ^= b;
+
+    if (outlen == 16)
+        v2 ^= 0xee;
+    else
+        v2 ^= 0xff;
+
+    TRACE;
+    for (i = 0; i < dROUNDS; ++i)
+        SIPROUND;
+
+    b = v0 ^ v1 ^ v2 ^ v3;
+    U64TO8_LE(out, b);
+
+    if (outlen == 8)
+        return 0;
+
+    v1 ^= 0xdd;
+
+    TRACE;
+    for (i = 0; i < dROUNDS; ++i)
+        SIPROUND;
+
+    b = v0 ^ v1 ^ v2 ^ v3;
+    U64TO8_LE(out + 8, b);
+
+    return 0;
+}

src/hash_data/siphash/siphash.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * This file is dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0 Universal.
+ * See the LICENSE-CC0 file in this directory for details.
+ *
+ * SipHash reference C implementation
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2022 Jean-Philippe Aumasson
+ *   <jeanphilippe.aumasson@gmail.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2014 Daniel J. Bernstein <djb@cr.yp.to>
+ *
+ * To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright
+ * and related and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain
+ * worldwide. This software is distributed without any warranty.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along
+ * with this software. If not, see
+ * <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+ */
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int siphash(const void *in, const size_t inlen, const void *k, uint8_t *out,
+            const size_t outlen);

src/hashmap/hashmap.c

@@ -1,83 +1,134 @@
 #include "hashmap.h"
-
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include "../memory.h"
 
-struct table *createTable(int size)
+#include <stddef.h>
-{
+#include <stdint.h>
-    struct table *t = (struct table *)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct table));
+#include <stdio.h>
-    t->size = size;
+#include <stdlib.h>
-    t->list = (struct node **)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct node *) * size);
+#include <string.h>
-    int i;
+
-    for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
+struct hashmap *createHashmap() {
-        t->list[i] = NULL;
+  size_t size = 8;
-    return t;
+  struct hashmap *t = (struct hashmap *)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct hashmap));
+  t->size = size;
+  t->order = 1;
+  t->list = (struct node **)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct node *) * size);
+  memset(t->list, 0, sizeof(struct node *) * size);
+  return t;
 }
 
-int hashCode(struct table *t, int key)
+void hashmap_free(struct hashmap *t, free_val_func free_val) {
-{
+  if (!t)
-    if (key < 0)
+    return;
-        return -(key % t->size);
-    return key % t->size;
-}
 
-int remove(struct table *t, int key)
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < t->size; i++) {
-{
+    struct node *current = t->list[i];
-    int pos = hashCode(t, key);
+    while (current) {
-    struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+      struct node *next = current->next;
-    struct node *temp = list;
+      if (free_val && current->val) {
-    struct node *prev = NULL;
+        free_val(current->val);
-    while (temp)
+      }
-    {
+      free(current);
-        if (temp->key == key)
+      current = next;
-        {
-            if (prev)
-                prev->next = temp->next;
-            else
-                t->list[pos] = temp->next;
-
-            free(temp);
-            return 1;
-        }
-        prev = temp;
-        temp = temp->next;
     }
-    return 0;
+  }
+  free(t->list);
+  free(t);
 }
 
-void insert(struct table *t, int key, void* val)
+void resize_hashmap(struct hashmap *t) {
-{
+  int old_size = t->size;
-    int pos = hashCode(t, key);
+  int new_size = old_size * 2;
-    struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+
-    struct node *newNode = (struct node *)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct node));
+  struct node **old_list = t->list;
-    struct node *temp = list;
+
-    while (temp)
+  // Create new list
-    {
+  t->list = (struct node **)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct node *) * new_size);
-        if (temp->key == key)
+  memset(t->list, 0, sizeof(struct node *) * new_size);
-        {
+
-            temp->val = val;
+  t->size = new_size;
-            return;
+  t->count = 0;
-        }
+
-        temp = temp->next;
+  // Rehash old entries into new list
+  for (int i = 0; i < old_size; i++) {
+    struct node *temp = old_list[i];
+    while (temp) {
+      hashmap_insert(t, temp->hash, temp->key, temp->val,
+                     temp->order); // Will increment count
+      struct node *temp_temp = temp;
+      temp = temp->next;
+      free(temp_temp);
     }
-    newNode->key = key;
+  }
-    newNode->val = val;
+  free(old_list);
-    newNode->next = list;
-    t->list[pos] = newNode;
 }
 
-void *lookup(struct table *t, int key)
+int hashCode(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash) { return hash & (t->size - 1); }
-{
+
-    int pos = hashCode(t, key);
+int hashmap_remove(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash) {
-    struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+  int pos = hashCode(t, hash);
-    struct node *temp = list;
+  struct node *list = t->list[pos];
-    while (temp)
+  struct node *temp = list;
-    {
+  struct node *prev = NULL;
-        if (temp->key == key)
+  while (temp) {
-        {
+    if (temp->hash == hash) {
-            return temp->val;
+      if (prev)
-        }
+        prev->next = temp->next;
-        temp = temp->next;
+      else
+        t->list[pos] = temp->next;
+      return 1;
     }
-    return NULL;
+    prev = temp;
+    temp = temp->next;
+  }
+  list = NULL;
+  prev = NULL;
+  temp = NULL;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void hashmap_insert(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash, void *key, void *val,
+                    size_t order) {
+  if (!order) {
+    order = t->order++;
+  }
+  if ((t->count + 1) > t->size * 0.75) {
+    resize_hashmap(t);
+  }
+
+  int pos = hashCode(t, hash);
+  struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node *temp = list;
+
+  // Check if key exists → overwrite
+  while (temp) {
+    if (temp->hash == hash) {
+      temp->val = val;
+      return;
+    }
+    temp = temp->next;
+  }
+
+  // Insert new node
+  struct node *newNode = (struct node *)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct node));
+  newNode->hash = hash;
+  newNode->key = key;
+  newNode->val = val;
+  newNode->order = order;
+  newNode->next = list;
+  t->list[pos] = newNode;
+  t->count++;
+}
+
+void *hashmap_lookup(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash) {
+  int pos = hashCode(t, hash);
+  struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node *temp = list;
+  while (temp) {
+    if (temp->hash == hash) {
+      return temp->val;
+    }
+    temp = temp->next;
+  }
+  return NULL;
 }

src/hashmap/hashmap.h

@@ -1,24 +1,37 @@
 #ifndef HASHMAP_H
 #define HASHMAP_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 
-struct node
+typedef struct ArgonObject ArgonObject;
-{
+
-    int key;
+typedef void (*free_val_func)(void *val);
-    void *val;
+
-    struct node *next;
+struct node {
+  uint64_t hash;
+  void *key;
+  void *val;
+  size_t order;
+  struct node *next;
 };
-struct table
+struct hashmap {
-{
+  size_t size;
-    int size;
+  size_t count;
-    struct node **list;
+  size_t order;
+  struct node **list;
 };
 
-struct table *createTable(int size);
+struct hashmap *createHashmap();
 
-int hashCode(struct table *t, int key);
+void hashmap_free(struct hashmap *t, free_val_func free_val);
 
-int remove(struct table *t, int key);
+int hashCode(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash);
 
-void insert(struct table *t, int key, void* val);
+int hashmap_remove(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash);
+
+void hashmap_insert(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash, void *key,
+                    void *val, size_t order);
+
+void *hashmap_lookup(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash);
 
 #endif // HASHMAP_H

src/main.c

@@ -3,76 +3,298 @@
 #include "lexer/token.h"
 #include "memory.h"
 #include "parser/parser.h"
+#include "runtime/runtime.h"
 #include "translator/translator.h"
 
+#include "../external/xxhash/xxhash.h"
+#include "hash_data/hash_data.h"
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <endian.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <locale.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <direct.h>
+#define mkdir(path, mode) _mkdir(path)
+#else
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
+#include "../external/cwalk/include/cwalk.h"
+#include <string.h>
 
-const char FILE_IDENTIFIER[] = "ARBI";
+#ifdef _WIN32
-const uint64_t version_number = 0;
+#include <windows.h>
+#else
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
 
-int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+char *get_current_directory() {
-  setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+  char *buffer = NULL;
-  if (argc <= 1)
-    return -1;
-  ar_memory_init();
-  char *path = argv[1];
-  DArray tokens;
 
-  darray_init(&tokens, sizeof(Token));
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  DWORD size = GetCurrentDirectoryA(0, NULL);
+  buffer = malloc(size);
+  if (buffer == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  if (GetCurrentDirectoryA(size, buffer) == 0) {
+    free(buffer);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+#else
+  long size = pathconf(".", _PC_PATH_MAX);
+  if (size == -1)
+    size = 4096; // fallback
+  buffer = malloc(size);
+  if (buffer == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  if (getcwd(buffer, size) == NULL) {
+    free(buffer);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+#endif
 
-  FILE *file = fopen(path, "r");
+  return buffer;
+}
 
-  if (!file) {
+int ensure_dir_exists(const char *path) {
-    return -1;
+  struct stat st = {0};
+
+  if (stat(path, &st) == -1) {
+    // Directory does not exist, create it
+    if (mkdir(path, 0755) != 0) {
+      perror("mkdir failed");
+      return -1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+const char CACHE_FOLDER[] = "__arcache__";
+const char FILE_IDENTIFIER[5] = "ARBI";
+const char BYTECODE_EXTENTION[] = "arbin";
+const uint32_t version_number = 0;
+
+int load_cache(Translated *translated_dest, char *joined_paths, uint64_t hash) {
+  FILE *bytecode_file = fopen(joined_paths, "rb");
+  if (!bytecode_file)
+    return 1;
+  char file_identifier_from_cache[sizeof(FILE_IDENTIFIER)] = {0};
+  if (fread(&file_identifier_from_cache, 1,
+            sizeof(file_identifier_from_cache) - 1,
+            bytecode_file) != sizeof(file_identifier_from_cache) - 1 ||
+      memcmp(file_identifier_from_cache, FILE_IDENTIFIER,
+             sizeof(file_identifier_from_cache)) != 0) {
+    goto FAILED;
   }
 
-  LexerState state = {path, file, 0, 0, &tokens};
+  uint32_t read_version;
-  lexer(state);
+  if (fread(&read_version, 1, sizeof(read_version), bytecode_file) !=
-  fclose(state.file);
+      sizeof(read_version)) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+  read_version = le32toh(read_version);
 
-  DArray ast;
+  if (read_version != version_number) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
 
-  darray_init(&ast, sizeof(ParsedValue));
+  uint64_t read_hash;
+  if (fread(&read_hash, 1, sizeof(read_hash), bytecode_file) !=
+      sizeof(read_hash)) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+  read_hash = le64toh(read_hash);
 
-  parser(path, &ast, &tokens, false);
+  if (read_hash != hash) {
-  darray_free(&tokens, free_token);
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+
+  uint8_t register_count;
+  if (fread(&register_count, 1, sizeof(register_count), bytecode_file) !=
+      sizeof(register_count)) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t constantsSize;
+  if (fread(&constantsSize, 1, sizeof(constantsSize), bytecode_file) !=
+      sizeof(constantsSize)) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+  constantsSize = le64toh(constantsSize);
+
+  uint64_t bytecodeSize;
+  if (fread(&bytecodeSize, 1, sizeof(bytecodeSize), bytecode_file) !=
+      sizeof(bytecodeSize)) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+  bytecodeSize = le64toh(bytecodeSize);
+
+  arena_resize(&translated_dest->constants, constantsSize);
+
+  if (fread(translated_dest->constants.data, 1, constantsSize, bytecode_file) !=
+      constantsSize) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+
+  darray_resize(&translated_dest->bytecode, bytecodeSize);
+
+  if (fread(translated_dest->bytecode.data, 1, bytecodeSize, bytecode_file) !=
+      bytecodeSize) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+
+  translated_dest->registerCount = register_count;
+
+  fclose(bytecode_file);
+  return 0;
+FAILED:
+  fclose(bytecode_file);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+ArgonObject *execute(char*absolute_path) {
+  clock_t start, end;
+  double time_spent, total_time_spent = 0;
+
+  const char *basename_ptr;
+  size_t basename_length;
+  cwk_path_get_basename(absolute_path, &basename_ptr, &basename_length);
+
+  if (!basename_ptr) return NULL;
+
+  char basename[FILENAME_MAX];
+  memcpy(basename, basename_ptr, basename_length);
+
+  size_t parent_directory_length;
+  cwk_path_get_dirname(absolute_path, &parent_directory_length);
+
+  char parent_directory[FILENAME_MAX];
+  memcpy(parent_directory, absolute_path, parent_directory_length);
+  parent_directory[parent_directory_length] = '\0';
+
+  char cache_folder_path[FILENAME_MAX];
+  cwk_path_join(parent_directory, CACHE_FOLDER, cache_folder_path, sizeof(cache_folder_path));
+
+  char cache_file_path[FILENAME_MAX];
+  cwk_path_join(cache_folder_path, basename, cache_file_path, sizeof(cache_file_path));
+  cwk_path_change_extension(cache_file_path, BYTECODE_EXTENTION, cache_file_path, sizeof(cache_file_path));
+
+  FILE *file = fopen(absolute_path, "r");
+  if (!file) {
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  XXH3_state_t *hash_state = XXH3_createState();
+  XXH3_64bits_reset(hash_state);
+
+  char buffer[8192];
+  size_t bytes;
+  while ((bytes = fread(buffer, 1, sizeof(buffer), file)) > 0) {
+    XXH3_64bits_update(hash_state, buffer, bytes);
+  }
+  rewind(file);
+  uint64_t hash = XXH3_64bits_digest(hash_state);
+  XXH3_freeState(hash_state);
 
   Translated translated = init_translator();
 
-  translate(&translated, &ast);
+  if (load_cache(&translated, cache_file_path, hash) != 0) {
+    free_translator(&translated);
+    translated = init_translator();
 
-  darray_free(&ast, free_parsed);
+    DArray tokens;
+    darray_init(&tokens, sizeof(Token));
 
-  file = fopen("out.arbin", "wb");
+    LexerState state = {absolute_path, file, 0, 0, &tokens};
+    start = clock();
+    lexer(state);
+    end = clock();
+    time_spent = (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+    total_time_spent += time_spent;
+    printf("Lexer time taken: %f seconds\n", time_spent);
+    fclose(state.file);
 
-  uint64_t regCount = (uint64_t)translated.registerCount;
+    DArray ast;
-  uint64_t constantsSize = (uint64_t)translated.constants.size;
-  uint64_t bytecodeSize = (uint64_t)translated.bytecode.size;
 
-  uint64_t version_number_htole64ed = htole64(version_number);
+    darray_init(&ast, sizeof(ParsedValue));
-  regCount = htole64(regCount);
-  regCount = htole64(regCount);
-  constantsSize = htole64(constantsSize);
-  bytecodeSize = htole64(bytecodeSize);
-  
-  fwrite(&FILE_IDENTIFIER, sizeof(char), strlen(FILE_IDENTIFIER), file);
-  fwrite(&version_number_htole64ed, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
-  fwrite(&regCount, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
-  fwrite(&constantsSize, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
-  fwrite(&bytecodeSize, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
-  fwrite(translated.constants.data, 1, translated.constants.size, file);
-  fwrite(translated.bytecode.data, translated.bytecode.element_size,
-         translated.bytecode.size, file);
 
-  fclose(file);
+    start = clock();
+    parser(absolute_path, &ast, &tokens, false);
+    end = clock();
+    time_spent = (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+    total_time_spent += time_spent;
+    printf("Parser time taken: %f seconds\n", time_spent);
+    darray_free(&tokens, free_token);
+
+    start = clock();
+    translate(&translated, &ast);
+    end = clock();
+    time_spent = (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+    total_time_spent += time_spent;
+    printf("Translation time taken: %f seconds\n", time_spent);
+
+    darray_free(&ast, free_parsed);
+    ensure_dir_exists(cache_folder_path);
+
+    file = fopen(cache_file_path, "wb");
+
+    uint64_t constantsSize = (uint64_t)translated.constants.size;
+    uint64_t bytecodeSize = (uint64_t)translated.bytecode.size;
+
+    uint32_t version_number_htole32ed = htole32(version_number);
+    uint64_t net_hash = htole64(hash);
+    constantsSize = htole64(constantsSize);
+    bytecodeSize = htole64(bytecodeSize);
+
+    fwrite(&FILE_IDENTIFIER, sizeof(char), strlen(FILE_IDENTIFIER), file);
+    fwrite(&version_number_htole32ed, sizeof(uint32_t), 1, file);
+    fwrite(&net_hash, sizeof(net_hash), 1, file);
+    fwrite(&translated.registerCount, sizeof(uint8_t), 1, file);
+    fwrite(&constantsSize, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
+    fwrite(&bytecodeSize, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
+    fwrite(translated.constants.data, 1, translated.constants.size, file);
+    fwrite(translated.bytecode.data, translated.bytecode.element_size,
+           translated.bytecode.size, file);
+
+    fclose(file);
+  }
+
+  start = clock();
+  RuntimeState state = init_runtime_state(translated);
+  ArgonObject *resp = runtime(translated,state);
+
+  end = clock();
+  time_spent = (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+  total_time_spent += time_spent;
+  printf("Execution time taken: %f seconds\n", time_spent);
+  printf("total time taken: %f seconds\n", total_time_spent);
 
   free_translator(&translated);
-  return 0;
+  return resp;
 }
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+  ar_memory_init();
+  generate_siphash_key(siphash_key);
+  init_types();
+  char *CWD = get_current_directory();
+  if (argc <= 1)
+    return -1;
+  char *path_non_absolute = argv[1];
+  char path[FILENAME_MAX];
+  cwk_path_get_absolute(CWD, path_non_absolute, path,
+                        sizeof(path));
+  free(CWD);
+  ArgonObject *resp = execute(path);
+  if (resp) return 0;
+  return -1;
+}

src/memory.c

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 #include "memory.h"
-#include <gc.h>
 #include <gc/gc.h>
 #include <gmp.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h> // for malloc/free (temp arena fallback)
 #include <string.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
 
 void *checked_malloc(size_t size) {
   void *ptr = malloc(size);
@@ -16,15 +15,14 @@ void *checked_malloc(size_t size) {
 }
 
 void *gmp_gc_realloc(void *ptr, size_t old_size, size_t new_size) {
-    (void)old_size;  // Ignore old_size, Boehm doesn't need it
+  (void)old_size; // Ignore old_size, Boehm doesn't need it
-    return GC_realloc(ptr, new_size);
+  return GC_realloc(ptr, new_size);
 }
 
-
 void gmp_gc_free(void *ptr, size_t size) {
-    (void)size;  // Boehm GC manages this itself
+  (void)size; // Boehm GC manages this itself
-    // No-op — memory will be collected automatically
+  // No-op — memory will be collected automatically
-    GC_FREE(ptr);
+  GC_FREE(ptr);
 }
 
 void ar_memory_init() {
@@ -32,9 +30,13 @@ void ar_memory_init() {
   mp_set_memory_functions(GC_malloc, gmp_gc_realloc, gmp_gc_free);
 }
 
-
 void *ar_alloc(size_t size) { return GC_MALLOC(size); }
 
+void ar_finalizer(void *obj, GC_finalization_proc fn, void *client_data,
+                  GC_finalization_proc *old_fn, void **old_client_data) {
+  return GC_register_finalizer_no_order(obj, fn, client_data, old_fn, old_client_data);
+}
+
 void *ar_alloc_atomic(size_t size) { return GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC(size); }
 
 char *ar_strdup(const char *str) {

src/memory.h

@@ -2,8 +2,12 @@
 #define ARGON_MEMORY_H
 
 #include <stddef.h> // for size_t
+#include <gc/gc.h>
 
 // GC-managed allocations
+
+void ar_finalizer(void *obj, GC_finalization_proc fn, void *client_data,
+                  GC_finalization_proc *old_fn, void **old_client_data);
 void *ar_alloc(size_t size);
 void *ar_alloc_atomic(size_t size);
 char *ar_strdup(const char *str);

src/parser/assignable/access/access.c

@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ ParsedValue *parse_access(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
     ParsedValue *parsedString = parse_string(token, false);
     darray_push(&parsedAccess->access, parsedString);
     free(parsedString);
+    parsedAccess->access_fields = true;
   } else {
+    parsedAccess->access_fields = false;
     while (true) {
       skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);

src/parser/assignable/access/access.h

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 typedef struct {
   ParsedValue to_access;
+  bool access_fields;
   DArray access;
 } ParsedAccess;
 

src/parser/assignable/call/call.c

@@ -49,5 +49,6 @@ void free_parse_call(void *ptr) {
 
   darray_free(&parsedCall->args, free_parsed);
   free_parsed(parsedCall->to_call);
+  free(parsedCall->to_call);
   free(parsedCall);
 }

src/parser/declaration/declaration.c

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "declaration.h"
 #include "../../lexer/token.h"
 #include "../../memory.h"
+#include "../function/function.h"
 #include "../literals/literals.h"
 #include "../parser.h"
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -22,7 +23,8 @@ ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
     darray_push(declarations, &_declaration);
     ParsedSingleDeclaration *declaration =
         darray_get(declarations, declarations->size - 1);
-    declaration->is_function = false;
+    bool isFunction=false;
+    DArray parameters;
     declaration->from = parse_null();
 
     if (token->type != TOKEN_IDENTIFIER) {
@@ -38,8 +40,8 @@ ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
       return parsedValue;
     token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
     if (token->type == TOKEN_LPAREN) {
-      declaration->is_function = true;
+      isFunction = true;
-      darray_init(&declaration->parameters, sizeof(char *));
+      darray_init(&parameters, sizeof(char *));
       (*index)++;
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
       token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
@@ -61,9 +63,9 @@ ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
                     file, token->line, token->column);
             exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }
-          char *parameter_name =
+          char *parameter_name = checked_malloc(strlen(token->value) + 1);
-              strcpy(checked_malloc(strlen(token->value) + 1), token->value);
+          strcpy(parameter_name, token->value);
-          darray_push(&declaration->parameters, &parameter_name);
+          darray_push(&parameters, &parameter_name);
           (*index)++;
           error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
           skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
@@ -97,10 +99,15 @@ ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
                 token->column);
         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }
-      if ((*index) >= tokens->size)
-        break;
-      token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
     }
+    if (isFunction) {
+      declaration->from = create_parsed_function(declaration->name, parameters,
+                                                 declaration->from);
+    }
+    if ((*index) >= tokens->size)
+      break;
+    token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
+
     size_t count = skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
     if ((*index) >= tokens->size)
       break;
@@ -127,8 +134,6 @@ void free_string(void *ptr) {
 void free_single_declaration(void *ptr) {
   ParsedSingleDeclaration *declaration = ptr;
   free(declaration->name);
-  if (declaration->is_function)
-    darray_free(&declaration->parameters, free_string);
   free_parsed(declaration->from);
   free(declaration->from);
 }

src/parser/declaration/declaration.h

@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 
 typedef struct {
   char * name;
-  bool is_function;
-  DArray parameters; // string[]
   ParsedValue * from;
 } ParsedSingleDeclaration;
 

src/parser/dictionary/dictionary.c

@@ -88,5 +88,5 @@ void free_parsed_dictionary(void *ptr) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = ptr;
   DArray *parsed_dictionary = parsedValue->data;
   darray_free(parsed_dictionary, free_dictionary_entry);
-  free(parsedValue->data);
+  free(parsed_dictionary);
 }

src/parser/function/function.c

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#include "function.h"
+#include "../../memory.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+ParsedValue *create_parsed_function(char *name, DArray parameters,
+                                  ParsedValue *body) {
+  ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
+  parsedValue->type=AST_FUNCTION;
+  ParsedFunction *parsedFunction = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedFunction));
+  parsedValue->data=parsedFunction;
+  parsedFunction->name=strcpy(checked_malloc(strlen(name) + 1), name);
+  parsedFunction->body = body;
+  parsedFunction->parameters=parameters;
+  return parsedValue;
+}
+
+void free_parameter(void *ptr) {
+  char** data = ptr;
+  free(*data);
+}
+
+void free_function(void *ptr) {
+  ParsedValue *parsedValue = ptr;
+  ParsedFunction *parsed = parsedValue->data;
+  free_parsed(parsed->body);
+  free(parsed->body);
+  free(parsed->name);
+  darray_free(&parsed->parameters, free_parameter);
+  free(parsed);
+}

src/parser/function/function.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef FUNCTION_H
+#define FUNCTION_H
+#include "../../lexer/token.h" // for Token
+#include "../parser.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+  char * name;
+  DArray parameters;
+  ParsedValue *body;
+} ParsedFunction;
+
+ParsedValue *create_parsed_function(char *name, DArray parameters,
+                                  ParsedValue *body);
+
+void free_function(void *ptr);
+
+#endif // FUNCTION_H

src/parser/if/if.c

@@ -115,5 +115,5 @@ void free_parsed_if(void *ptr) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = ptr;
   DArray *parsed_if = parsedValue->data;
   darray_free(parsed_if, free_conditional);
-  free(parsedValue->data);
+  free(parsed_if);
 }

src/parser/list/list.c

@@ -45,5 +45,5 @@ void free_parsed_list(void *ptr) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = ptr;
   DArray *parsed_list = parsedValue->data;
   darray_free(parsed_list, free_parsed);
-  free(parsedValue->data);
+  free(parsed_list);
 }

src/parser/operations/operations.c

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-ParsedValue *convert_to_operation(DArray *to_operate_on, DArray *operations) {
+ParsedValue convert_to_operation(DArray *to_operate_on, DArray *operations) {
   if (to_operate_on->size == 1) {
-    return darray_get(to_operate_on, 0);
+    return *((ParsedValue*)darray_get(to_operate_on, 0));
   }
   TokenType operation = 0;
   DArray positions;
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ ParsedValue *convert_to_operation(DArray *to_operate_on, DArray *operations) {
     }
     darray_push(&positions, &i);
   }
-  ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
+  ParsedValue parsedValue;
-  parsedValue->type = AST_OPERATION;
+  parsedValue.type = AST_OPERATION;
   ParsedOperation *operationStruct = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedOperation));
-  parsedValue->data = operationStruct;
+  parsedValue.data = operationStruct;
   operationStruct->operation = operation;
   darray_init(&operationStruct->to_operate_on, sizeof(ParsedValue));
   size_t last_position = 0;
@@ -37,16 +37,18 @@ ParsedValue *convert_to_operation(DArray *to_operate_on, DArray *operations) {
         to_operate_on, to_operate_on_last_position, (*position) + 1);
     DArray operations_slice =
         darray_slice(operations, last_position, *position);
+    ParsedValue result =  convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on_slice, &operations_slice);
     darray_push(&operationStruct->to_operate_on,
-                convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on_slice, &operations_slice));
+                &result);
     last_position = (*position);
     to_operate_on_last_position = (*position) + 1;
   }
   DArray to_operate_on_slice =
       darray_slice(to_operate_on, to_operate_on_last_position, to_operate_on->size);
   DArray operations_slice = darray_slice(operations, last_position, operations->size);
+  ParsedValue result =convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on_slice, &operations_slice);
   darray_push(&operationStruct->to_operate_on,
-              convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on_slice, &operations_slice));
+              &result);
   darray_free(&positions, NULL);
   return parsedValue;
 }
@@ -80,10 +82,12 @@ ParsedValue *parse_operations(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
     darray_push(&to_operate_on, parsedValue);
     free(parsedValue);
   }
-  ParsedValue *output = convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on, &operations);
+  ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
+  ParsedValue output = convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on, &operations);
+  memcpy(parsedValue, &output,sizeof(ParsedValue));
   darray_free(&to_operate_on, NULL);
   darray_free(&operations, NULL);
-  return output;
+  return parsedValue;
 }
 
 void free_operation(void *ptr) {

src/parser/parser.c

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "declaration/declaration.h"
 #include "dictionary/dictionary.h"
 #include "dowrap/dowrap.h"
+#include "function/function.h"
 #include "if/if.h"
 #include "list/list.h"
 #include "literals/literals.h"
@@ -22,9 +23,9 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 const char *ValueTypeNames[] = {
-    "string",  "assign",     "identifier",  "number",    "if statement",
+    "string",  "assign",     "identifier",  "number",     "if statement",
-    "access",  "call",       "declaration", "null",      "boolean",
+    "access",  "call",       "declaration", "null",       "boolean",
-    "do wrap", "operations", "list",        "dictionary"};
+    "do wrap", "operations", "list",        "dictionary", "function"};
 
 void error_if_finished(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   if ((*index) >= tokens->size) {
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ ParsedValue *parse_token_full(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
       passed = true;
     }
   }
-  
+
   return output;
 }
 
@@ -232,5 +233,7 @@ void free_parsed(void *ptr) {
   case AST_DICTIONARY:
     free_parsed_dictionary(parsed);
     break;
+  case AST_FUNCTION:
+    free_function(parsed);
   }
 }

src/parser/parser.h

@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ typedef enum {
   AST_DOWRAP,
   AST_OPERATION,
   AST_LIST,
-  AST_DICTIONARY
+  AST_DICTIONARY,
+  AST_FUNCTION
 } ValueType;
 
 extern const char* ValueTypeNames[];

src/runtime/internals/dynamic_array_armem/darray_armem.c

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#include "darray_armem.h"
+#include "../../../memory.h"
+#include <gc/gc.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void darray_armem_init(darray_armem *arr, size_t element_size) {
+  arr->element_size = element_size;
+  arr->size = 0;
+  arr->capacity = CHUNK_SIZE;
+  arr->data = ar_alloc(CHUNK_SIZE * element_size);
+  arr->resizable = true;
+  if (!arr->data) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_init: allocation failed\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
+
+void darray_armem_resize(darray_armem *arr, size_t new_size) {
+  if (!arr->resizable) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_resize: unresizable darray_armem\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  size_t new_capacity = ((new_size + CHUNK_SIZE) / CHUNK_SIZE) * CHUNK_SIZE;
+  if (new_capacity != arr->capacity) {
+    void *new_data = ar_alloc(new_capacity * arr->element_size);
+    memccpy(new_data,arr->data, arr->element_size, arr->capacity);
+    if (!new_data) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_resize: reallocation failed\n");
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    arr->data = new_data;
+    arr->capacity = new_capacity;
+  }
+
+  arr->size = new_size;
+}
+
+void darray_armem_push(darray_armem *arr, void *element) {
+  if (!arr->resizable) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_resize: unresizable darray_armem\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  if (arr->size >= arr->capacity) {
+    darray_armem_resize(arr, arr->size + 1);
+  } else {
+    arr->size++;
+  }
+
+  void *target = (char *)arr->data + (arr->size - 1) * arr->element_size;
+  memcpy(target, element, arr->element_size);
+}
+
+void darray_armem_pop(darray_armem *arr, void (*free_data)(void *)) {
+  if (!arr->resizable) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_resize: unresizable darray_armem\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  if (arr->size == 0)
+    return;
+
+  if (free_data) {
+    void *target = (char *)arr->data + (arr->size-1) * arr->element_size;
+    free_data(target);
+  }
+  
+  darray_armem_resize(arr, arr->size-1);
+}
+
+void *darray_armem_get(darray_armem *arr, size_t index) {
+  if (index >= arr->size) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_get: index out of bounds\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  return (char *)arr->data + index * arr->element_size;
+}
+
+darray_armem darray_armem_slice(darray_armem *arr, size_t start, size_t end) {
+  if (start > end || end > arr->size) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_slice: invalid slice range\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+
+  darray_armem slice;
+
+  slice.data = (char *)arr->data + start * arr->element_size;
+  slice.size = (end - start);
+  slice.element_size = arr->element_size;
+  slice.capacity = ((slice.size + CHUNK_SIZE) / CHUNK_SIZE) * CHUNK_SIZE;
+  slice.resizable = false;
+
+  return slice;
+}
+
+void darray_armem_free(darray_armem *arr, void (*free_data)(void *)) {
+  if (!arr->resizable) {
+    // It's a view/slice — don't free
+    return;
+  }
+  if (free_data) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < arr->size; ++i) {
+      void *element = (char *)arr->data + i * arr->element_size;
+      free_data(element);
+    }
+  }
+  free(arr->data);
+  arr->data = NULL;
+  arr->size = 0;
+  arr->capacity = 0;
+  arr->element_size = 0;
+  arr->resizable = false;
+}

src/runtime/internals/dynamic_array_armem/darray_armem.h

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef darray_armem_H
+#define darray_armem_H
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h> // for size_t
+
+#define CHUNK_SIZE 1048576
+
+typedef struct {
+  void *data;
+  size_t element_size;
+  size_t size;
+  size_t capacity;
+  bool resizable;
+} darray_armem;
+
+// Initializes the dynamic_array
+void darray_armem_init(darray_armem *arr, size_t element_size);
+
+// Pushes an element onto the array
+void darray_armem_push(darray_armem *arr, void *element);
+
+// Pops the last element, calling `free_data` if provided
+void darray_armem_pop(darray_armem *arr, void (*free_data)(void *));
+
+// Gets a pointer to an element at index
+void *darray_armem_get(darray_armem *arr, size_t index);
+
+// Frees the entire array and optionally each element
+void darray_armem_free(darray_armem *arr, void (*free_data)(void *));
+
+// Resizes the array to a new size (internal use, but exposed)
+void darray_armem_resize(darray_armem *arr, size_t new_size);
+
+darray_armem darray_armem_slice(darray_armem *arr, size_t start, size_t end);
+
+#endif // darray_armem_H

src/runtime/internals/hashmap/hashmap.c

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+#include "hashmap.h"
+
+#include "../../../memory.h"
+#include <gc/gc.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+struct hashmap_GC *createHashmap_GC() {
+  size_t size = 8;
+  struct hashmap_GC *t = (struct hashmap_GC *)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct hashmap_GC));
+  t->size = size;
+  t->order = 1;
+  t->list = (struct node_GC **)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct node_GC *) * size);
+  memset(t->list, 0, sizeof(struct node_GC *) * size);
+  return t;
+}
+
+void resize_hashmap_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t) {
+  int old_size = t->size;
+  int new_size = old_size * 2;
+
+  struct node_GC **old_list = t->list;
+
+  // Create new list
+  t->list = (struct node_GC **)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct node_GC *) * new_size);
+  memset(t->list, 0, sizeof(struct node_GC *) * new_size);
+
+  t->size = new_size;
+  t->count = 0;
+
+  // Rehash old entries into new list
+  for (int i = 0; i < old_size; i++) {
+    struct node_GC *temp = old_list[i];
+    while (temp) {
+      hashmap_insert_GC(t, temp->hash, temp->key, temp->val,
+                     temp->order); // Will increment count
+      temp = temp->next;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+int hashCode_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash) { return hash % t->size; }
+
+int hashmap_remove_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash) {
+  int pos = hashCode_GC(t, hash);
+  struct node_GC *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node_GC *temp = list;
+  struct node_GC *prev = NULL;
+  while (temp) {
+    if (temp->hash == hash) {
+      if (prev)
+        prev->next = temp->next;
+      else
+        t->list[pos] = temp->next;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    prev = temp;
+    temp = temp->next;
+  }
+  list = NULL;
+  prev = NULL;
+  temp = NULL;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void hashmap_insert_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash, void *key,
+                    void *val, size_t order) {
+  if (!order) {
+    order = t->order++;
+  }
+  if ((t->count + 1) > t->size * 0.75) {
+    resize_hashmap_GC(t);
+  }
+
+  int pos = hashCode_GC(t, hash);
+  struct node_GC *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node_GC *temp = list;
+
+  // Check if key exists → overwrite
+  while (temp) {
+    if (temp->hash == hash) {
+      temp->val = val;
+      return;
+    }
+    temp = temp->next;
+  }
+
+  // Insert new node
+  struct node_GC *newNode = (struct node_GC *)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct node_GC));
+  newNode->hash = hash;
+  newNode->key = key;
+  newNode->val = val;
+  newNode->order = order;
+  newNode->next = list;
+  t->list[pos] = newNode;
+  t->count++;
+}
+
+void *hashmap_lookup_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash) {
+  int pos = hashCode_GC(t, hash);
+  struct node_GC *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node_GC *temp = list;
+  while (temp) {
+    if (temp->hash == hash) {
+      return temp->val;
+    }
+    temp = temp->next;
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}

src/runtime/internals/hashmap/hashmap.h

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#ifndef HASHMAP_GC_H
+#define HASHMAP_GC_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef struct ArgonObject ArgonObject;
+
+struct node_GC {
+  uint64_t hash;
+  void *key;
+  void *val;
+  size_t order;
+  struct node_GC *next;
+};
+struct hashmap_GC {
+  size_t size;
+  size_t count;
+  size_t order;
+  struct node_GC **list;
+};
+
+struct hashmap_GC *createHashmap_GC();
+
+int hashCode_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash);
+
+int hashmap_remove_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash);
+
+void hashmap_insert_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash, void *key,
+                    void *val, size_t order);
+
+void *hashmap_lookup_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash);
+
+#endif // HASHMAP_GC_H

src/runtime/internals/list/list.c

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include "../memory.h"
+#include "../../../memory.h"
 
 LinkedList *create_list(size_t data_size) {
   LinkedList *list = checked_malloc(sizeof(LinkedList));

src/runtime/objects/functions/functions.c

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include "../../runtime.h"
+#include "../object.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+ArgonObject *ARGON_FUNCTION_TYPE = NULL;
+
+void init_function_type() {
+  ARGON_FUNCTION_TYPE = init_argon_class("Function");
+}
+
+void load_argon_function(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state,
+                                 struct Stack stack) {
+  ArgonObject *object = init_child_argon_object(ARGON_FUNCTION_TYPE);
+  object->type = TYPE_FUNCTION;
+  uint64_t offset = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  uint64_t length = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  object->name = ar_alloc_atomic(length + 1);
+  memcpy(object->name, arena_get(&translated->constants, offset), length);
+  object->name[length] = '\0';
+  object->value.argon_fn.number_of_parameters = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  object->value.argon_fn.parameters =
+      ar_alloc(object->value.argon_fn.number_of_parameters * sizeof(char *));
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < object->value.argon_fn.number_of_parameters; i++) {
+    offset = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+    length = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+    object->value.argon_fn.parameters[i] = ar_alloc_atomic(length + 1);
+    memcpy(object->value.argon_fn.parameters[i], arena_get(&translated->constants, offset), length);
+    object->value.argon_fn.parameters[i][length] = '\0';
+  }
+  offset = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  length = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  darray_armem_init(&object->value.argon_fn.bytecode, sizeof(uint64_t));
+  darray_armem_resize(&object->value.argon_fn.bytecode, length/object->value.argon_fn.bytecode.element_size);
+  memcpy(object->value.argon_fn.bytecode.data, arena_get(&translated->constants, offset), length);
+  object->value.argon_fn.stack = stack;
+  state->registers[0]=object;
+}

src/runtime/objects/functions/functions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef FUNCTION_H
+#define FUNCTION_H
+#include "../object.h"
+
+void init_function_type();
+
+ArgonObject *load_argon_function(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state, struct Stack stack);
+
+#endif // FUNCTION_H

src/runtime/objects/null/null.c

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include "../../internals/hashmap/hashmap.h"
+#include "../object.h"
+#include <string.h>
+#include "null.h"
+
+ArgonObject *ARGON_NULL_TYPE = NULL;
+ArgonObject *ARGON_NULL = NULL;
+
+void init_null() {
+    ARGON_NULL_TYPE = init_argon_class("NULL_TYPE");
+
+    ARGON_NULL = init_child_argon_object(ARGON_NULL_TYPE);
+    ARGON_NULL->type=TYPE_NULL;
+}

src/runtime/objects/null/null.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef NULL_H
+#define NULL_H
+#include "../object.h"
+
+extern ArgonObject *ARGON_NULL;
+
+void init_null();
+
+
+#endif // NULL_H

src/runtime/objects/object.c

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#include "object.h"
+#include "../../hash_data/hash_data.h"
+#include "../../memory.h"
+#include "type/type.h"
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+ArgonObject *BASE_CLASS = NULL;
+
+void init_base_field() {
+  // add_field(BASE_CLASS, "test", BASE_CLASS);
+}
+
+ArgonObject *init_child_argon_object(ArgonObject *cls) {
+  ArgonObject *object = init_argon_class(NULL);
+  object->self = object;
+  object->baseObject = cls;
+  add_field(object, "__call__", NULL);
+  return object;
+}
+
+ArgonObject *init_argon_class(char *name) {
+  ArgonObject *object = ar_alloc(sizeof(ArgonObject));
+  object->name = name;
+  object->type = TYPE_OBJECT;
+  object->self = NULL;
+  object->baseObject = ARGON_TYPE;
+  object->fields = createHashmap_GC();
+  memset(&object->value, 0, sizeof(object->value));
+  return object;
+}
+
+void add_field(ArgonObject *target, char *name, ArgonObject *object) {
+  hashmap_insert_GC(target->fields,
+                    siphash64_bytes(name, strlen(name), siphash_key), name,
+                    object, 0);
+}

src/runtime/objects/object.h

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#ifndef OBJECT_H
+#define OBJECT_H
+#include "../internals/hashmap/hashmap.h"
+#include "../internals/dynamic_array_armem/darray_armem.h"
+#include <gmp.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include "../runtime.h"
+
+extern ArgonObject *BASE_CLASS;
+
+struct string_struct {
+  char *data;
+  size_t length;
+};
+struct argon_function_struct {
+  darray_armem bytecode;
+  struct Stack stack;
+  size_t number_of_parameters;
+  char** parameters;
+};
+
+typedef enum {
+  TYPE_NULL,
+  TYPE_BOOL,
+  TYPE_NUMBER,
+  TYPE_STRING,
+  TYPE_FUNCTION,
+  TYPE_NATIVE_FUNCTION,
+  TYPE_OBJECT, // generic user object
+} ArgonType;
+
+struct ArgonObject {
+  ArgonType type;
+  char* name;
+  ArgonObject *self;
+  ArgonObject *baseObject;
+  struct hashmap_GC *fields; // dynamic fields/methods
+  union {
+    mpq_t as_number;
+    bool as_bool;
+    struct string_struct as_str;
+    void *native_fn;
+    struct argon_function_struct argon_fn;
+    // others as needed
+  } value;
+};
+typedef struct ArgonObject ArgonObject;
+void init_base_field();
+ArgonObject* init_child_argon_object(ArgonObject *cls);
+ArgonObject* init_argon_class(char*name);
+
+void add_field(ArgonObject*target, char* name, ArgonObject *object);
+#endif // OBJECT_H

src/runtime/objects/string/string.c

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include "../object.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include "string.h"
+
+ArgonObject *ARGON_STRING_TYPE = NULL;
+
+void init_string_type() {
+  ARGON_STRING_TYPE = init_argon_class("String");
+
+}
+
+ArgonObject *init_string_object(char*data, size_t length) {
+  ArgonObject * object = init_child_argon_object(ARGON_STRING_TYPE);
+  object->type = TYPE_STRING;
+  object->value.as_str.data = data;
+  object->value.as_str.length = length;
+  return object;
+}

src/runtime/objects/string/string.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#ifndef STRING_OBJ_H
+#define STRING_OBJ_H
+#include "../object.h"
+
+extern ArgonObject *ARGON_STRING_TYPE;
+
+void init_string_type();
+
+ArgonObject *init_string_object(char*data, size_t length);
+
+#endif // STRING_OBJ_H

src/runtime/objects/type/type.c

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include "../../internals/hashmap/hashmap.h"
+#include "../object.h"
+#include <string.h>
+#include "type.h"
+
+ArgonObject *ARGON_TYPE = NULL;
+
+void init_type() {
+    ARGON_TYPE = init_argon_class("type");
+    ARGON_TYPE->baseObject = BASE_CLASS;
+}

src/runtime/objects/type/type.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef TYPES_H
+#define TYPES_H
+#include "../object.h"
+
+extern ArgonObject *ARGON_TYPE;
+
+void init_type();
+
+
+#endif // TYPES_H

src/runtime/runtime.c

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#include "runtime.h"
+#include "../translator/translator.h"
+#include "objects/functions/functions.h"
+#include "objects/null/null.h"
+#include "objects/object.h"
+#include "objects/string/string.h"
+#include "objects/type/type.h"
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <gc/gc.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+uint64_t bytes_to_uint64(const uint8_t bytes[8]) {
+  uint64_t value = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+    value |= ((uint64_t)bytes[i]) << (i * 8);
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+void init_types() {
+  BASE_CLASS = init_argon_class("BASE_CLASS");
+
+  init_type();
+  init_function_type();
+  init_null();
+  init_string_type();
+
+  init_base_field();
+}
+
+
+uint8_t pop_byte(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state) {
+  return *((uint8_t *)darray_get(&translated->bytecode, state->head++));
+}
+
+uint64_t pop_bytecode(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state) {
+  uint8_t bytes[8];
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(bytes); i++) {
+    bytes[i] = *((uint8_t *)darray_get(&translated->bytecode, state->head++));
+  }
+  return bytes_to_uint64(bytes);
+}
+
+void load_const(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state) {
+  uint64_t to_register = pop_byte(translated, state);
+  types type = pop_byte(translated, state);
+  size_t length = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  uint64_t offset = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+
+  void *data = ar_alloc_atomic(length);
+  memcpy(data, arena_get(&translated->constants, offset), length);
+  ArgonObject *object = ARGON_NULL;
+  switch (type) {
+  case TYPE_OP_STRING:
+    object = init_string_object(data, length);
+    break;
+  }
+  state->registers[to_register] = object;
+}
+
+void run_instruction(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state,
+                     struct Stack stack) {
+  OperationType opcode = pop_byte(translated, state);
+  switch (opcode) {
+  case OP_LOAD_NULL:
+    state->registers[pop_byte(translated, state)] = ARGON_NULL;
+    break;
+  case OP_LOAD_CONST:
+    load_const(translated, state);
+    break;
+  case OP_LOAD_FUNCTION:
+    load_argon_function(translated, state, stack);
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+RuntimeState init_runtime_state(Translated translated) {
+  RuntimeState state = {
+      checked_malloc(translated.registerCount * sizeof(ArgonObject *)), 0};
+  return state;
+}
+
+ArgonObject *runtime(Translated translated, RuntimeState state) {
+  struct Stack stack = {NULL,NULL};
+  state.head = 0;
+  while (state.head < translated.bytecode.size) {
+    run_instruction(&translated, &state, stack);
+  }
+  free(state.registers);
+  return stack.scope;
+}

src/runtime/runtime.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#ifndef RUNTIME_H
+#define RUNTIME_H
+#include "../translator/translator.h"
+#include "internals/hashmap/hashmap.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+  ArgonObject **registers;
+  size_t head;
+} RuntimeState;
+
+typedef struct Stack {
+    ArgonObject *scope;
+    struct Stack *prev;
+} Stack;
+
+void init_types();
+
+uint64_t pop_bytecode(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state);
+
+void run_instruction(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state, struct Stack stack);
+
+RuntimeState init_runtime_state(Translated translated);
+
+ArgonObject *runtime(Translated translated, RuntimeState state);
+
+#endif // RUNTIME_H

src/translator/bytecode_spec.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Bytecode Specification
+
+all opcodes are uint8_t, and all operands are uint64_t unless marked with an asterisk (*), where it is marked as uint8_t
+
+## OP_LOAD_CONST
+
+loads and initialises a value from the constant buffer into the provided register.
+
+this operation 4 operands.
+
+1. the register to write to. (*)
+2. the type of data from the constant buffer. (*)
+3. the length of the data in the constant buffer.
+4. the offset in the constant buffer.
+
+## OP_DECLARE
+
+initilises a variable on the current scope with a given value. errors if the variable is already initilises on the current scope.
+
+this operation takes 3 operands.
+
+1. the length of the variable name.
+2. the offset in the constant buffer of the variable name.
+3. the register of the given value (*)
+
+## OP_LOAD_NULL
+
+sets a given register to null.
+
+this operation takes 1 operand.
+
+1. the register to set to null. (*)
+
+## OP_LOAD_FUNCTION
+
+initilises a function to a given register.
+
+1. the offset of the name of the function.
+2. the length of the name of the function.
+3. the number of arguments.
+4. the offset of the name of the argument.
+5. the length of the name of the argument.
+6. instruction 4 and 5 loop for each argument.
+7. the offset of the bytecode of the function.
+8. the length of the bytecode of the function.

src/translator/declaration/declaration.c

@@ -1,35 +1,30 @@
-#include "../translator.h"
 #include "declaration.h"
 #include "../../parser/declaration/declaration.h"
+#include "../translator.h"
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 size_t translate_parsed_declaration(Translated *translated,
-                                  ParsedValue *parsedValue) {
+                                    DArray delcarations) {
-  DArray *delcarations = (DArray *)parsedValue->data;
+  set_registers(translated, 1);
-  set_registers(translated, 2);
   size_t first = 0;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < delcarations->size; i++) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < delcarations.size; i++) {
-    // TODO: add function delclaration
+    ParsedSingleDeclaration *singleDeclaration = darray_get(&delcarations, i);
-    ParsedSingleDeclaration*singleDeclaration = darray_get(delcarations, i);
     size_t temp = translate_parsed(translated, singleDeclaration->from);
-    if (i==0) first = temp;
+    if (i == 0)
+      first = temp;
     size_t length = strlen(singleDeclaration->name);
-    size_t offset = arena_push(&translated->constants, singleDeclaration->name, length);
+    size_t offset =
-    
+        arena_push(&translated->constants, singleDeclaration->name, length);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, OP_LOAD_CONST);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, 1);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, TYPE_OP_STRING);
-    push_instruction_code(translated,length);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, offset);
 
-    push_instruction_code(translated, OP_DECLARE);
+    push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_DECLARE);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, 0);
+    push_instruction_code(translated, length);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, 1);
+    push_instruction_code(translated, offset);
+    push_instruction_byte(translated, 0);
   }
-  if (delcarations->size != 1) {
+  if (delcarations.size != 1) {
-    push_instruction_code(translated, OP_LOAD_NULL);
+    push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_LOAD_NULL);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, 0);
+    push_instruction_byte(translated, 0);
   }
   return first;
 }

src/translator/declaration/declaration.h

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@
 #define BYTECODE_DECLARATION_H
 #include "../translator.h"
 
-size_t translate_parsed_string(Translated *translated, ParsedValue *parsedValue);
-
 size_t translate_parsed_declaration(Translated *translated,
-                                  ParsedValue *parsedValue);
+                                  DArray delcarations);
 
 #endif

src/translator/function/function.c

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#include "function.h"
+#include "../translator.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+size_t translate_parsed_function(Translated *translated,
+                                 ParsedFunction *parsedFunction) {
+  DArray main_bytecode = translated->bytecode;
+  DArray _temp_bytecode;
+  darray_init(&_temp_bytecode, sizeof(uint8_t));
+  translated->bytecode = _temp_bytecode;
+  translate_parsed(translated, parsedFunction->body);
+  size_t function_bytecode_offset =
+      arena_push(&translated->constants, translated->bytecode.data,
+                 translated->bytecode.size*translated->bytecode.element_size);
+  size_t function_bytecode_length = translated->bytecode.size;
+  darray_free(&translated->bytecode, NULL);
+  translated->bytecode = main_bytecode;
+  size_t start = push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_LOAD_FUNCTION);
+  size_t offset = arena_push(&translated->constants, parsedFunction->name,
+                             strlen(parsedFunction->name));
+  push_instruction_code(translated, offset);
+  push_instruction_code(translated, strlen(parsedFunction->name));
+  push_instruction_code(translated, parsedFunction->parameters.size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < parsedFunction->parameters.size; i++) {
+    char **parameter_name = darray_get(&parsedFunction->parameters, i);
+    offset = arena_push(&translated->constants, *parameter_name,
+                        strlen(*parameter_name));
+    push_instruction_code(translated, offset);
+    push_instruction_code(translated, strlen(*parameter_name));
+  }
+  push_instruction_code(translated, function_bytecode_offset);
+  push_instruction_code(translated, function_bytecode_length*translated->bytecode.element_size);
+  return start;
+}

src/translator/function/function.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef BYTECODE_FUNCTION_H
+#define BYTECODE_FUNCTION_H
+#include "../translator.h"
+#include "../../parser/function/function.h"
+
+size_t translate_parsed_function(Translated *translated,
+                                ParsedFunction *parsedFunction);
+
+#endif

src/translator/identifier/identifier.c

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "../translator.h"
+#include "identifier.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+size_t translate_parsed_identifier(Translated *translated, char* identifier) {
+  size_t length = strlen(identifier);
+  size_t identifier_pos = arena_push(&translated->constants, identifier, length);
+  set_registers(translated, 1);
+  size_t start = push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_IDENTIFIER);
+  push_instruction_code(translated,length);
+  push_instruction_code(translated, identifier_pos);
+  return start;
+}

src/translator/identifier/identifier.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef BYTECODE_IDENTIFIER_H
+#define BYTECODE_IDENTIFIER_H
+#include "../translator.h"
+#include "../../parser/assignable/identifier/identifier.h"
+
+size_t translate_parsed_identifier(Translated *translated, char* identifier);
+
+#endif

src/translator/number/number.c

@@ -5,16 +5,15 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-size_t translate_parsed_number(Translated *translated, ParsedValue *parsedValue) {
+size_t translate_parsed_number(Translated *translated, char *number_str, size_t to_register) {
-  char *number_str = (char*)parsedValue->data;
   size_t length = strlen(number_str);
   size_t number_pos = arena_push(&translated->constants, number_str, length);
-  set_registers(translated, 1);
+  set_registers(translated, to_register+1);
   
-  size_t start = push_instruction_code(translated, OP_LOAD_CONST);
+  size_t start = push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_LOAD_CONST);
-  push_instruction_code(translated, 0);
+  push_instruction_byte(translated, to_register);
 
-  push_instruction_code(translated, TYPE_OP_NUMBER);
+  push_instruction_byte(translated, TYPE_OP_NUMBER);
   push_instruction_code(translated,length);
   push_instruction_code(translated, number_pos);
   return start;

src/translator/number/number.h

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 #define BYTECODE_NUMBER_H
 #include "../translator.h"
 
-size_t translate_parsed_number(Translated *translated, ParsedValue *parsedValue);
+size_t translate_parsed_number(Translated *translated, char *number_str, size_t to_register);
 
 #endif

src/translator/string/string.c

@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 #include "../translator.h"
-#include "../../parser/string/string.h"
 #include "string.h"
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-size_t translate_parsed_string(Translated *translated, ParsedValue *parsedValue) {
+size_t translate_parsed_string(Translated *translated, ParsedString parsedString) {
-  ParsedString *parsedString = (ParsedString*)parsedValue->data;
+  size_t string_pos = arena_push(&translated->constants, parsedString.string, parsedString.length);
-  size_t string_pos = arena_push(&translated->constants, parsedString->string, parsedString->length);
   set_registers(translated, 1);
-  size_t start = push_instruction_code(translated, OP_LOAD_CONST);
+  size_t start = push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_LOAD_CONST);
-  push_instruction_code(translated, 0);
+  push_instruction_byte(translated, 0);
-  push_instruction_code(translated, TYPE_OP_STRING);
+  push_instruction_byte(translated, TYPE_OP_STRING);
-  push_instruction_code(translated,parsedString->length);
+  push_instruction_code(translated,parsedString.length);
   push_instruction_code(translated, string_pos);
   return start;
 }

src/translator/string/string.h

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef BYTECODE_STRING_H
 #define BYTECODE_STRING_H
 #include "../translator.h"
+#include "../../parser/string/string.h"
 
-size_t translate_parsed_string(Translated *translated, ParsedValue *parsedValue);
+size_t translate_parsed_string(Translated *translated, ParsedString parsedString);
 
 #endif

src/translator/translator.c

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 #include "translator.h"
+#include "../hash_data/hash_data.h"
+#include "../hashmap/hashmap.h"
 #include "declaration/declaration.h"
+#include "function/function.h"
+#include "identifier/identifier.h"
 #include "number/number.h"
 #include "string/string.h"
 #include <stddef.h>
@@ -8,10 +12,17 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+void uint64_to_bytes(uint64_t value, uint8_t bytes[8]) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+    bytes[i] = (value >> (i * 8)) & 0xFF;
+  }
+}
+
 void arena_init(ConstantArena *arena) {
   arena->data = checked_malloc(CHUNK_SIZE);
   arena->capacity = CHUNK_SIZE;
   arena->size = 0;
+  arena->hashmap = createHashmap();
 }
 
 void arena_resize(ConstantArena *arena, size_t new_size) {
@@ -31,6 +42,7 @@ void arena_free(ConstantArena *arena) {
   free(arena->data);
   arena->capacity = 0;
   arena->size = 0;
+  hashmap_free(arena->hashmap, NULL);
 }
 
 void *arena_get(ConstantArena *arena, size_t offset) {
@@ -38,43 +50,57 @@ void *arena_get(ConstantArena *arena, size_t offset) {
 }
 
 size_t arena_push(ConstantArena *arena, const void *data, size_t length) {
-  if (arena->size >= length) {
+  uint64_t hash = siphash64_bytes(data, length, siphash_key);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i <= (arena->size - length); i++) {
+
-      if (memcmp(data, arena->data + i, length) == 0) {
+  // Look up offset in hashmap
-        return i;
+  void *val = hashmap_lookup(arena->hashmap, hash);
-      }
+  if (val != NULL) {
+    size_t offset =
+        (size_t)(uintptr_t)val - 1; // stored as pointer but really offset
+    // Verify to avoid collision false positive
+    if (memcmp(arena->data + offset, data, length) == 0) {
+      return offset;
     }
   }
+
+  // Not found: append data
   arena_resize(arena, arena->size + length);
   size_t offset = arena->size;
   memcpy(arena->data + arena->size, data, length);
   arena->size += length;
+
+  // Insert into hashmap: store offset as pointer-sized integer
+  hashmap_insert(arena->hashmap, hash, (void *)data,
+                 (void *)(uintptr_t)offset + 1, 0);
+
   return offset;
 }
 
 Translated init_translator() {
   Translated translated;
   translated.registerCount = 0;
-  darray_init(&translated.bytecode, sizeof(uint64_t));
+  darray_init(&translated.bytecode, sizeof(uint8_t));
   arena_init(&translated.constants);
   return translated;
 }
 
-void set_instruction_code(Translated *translator, size_t offset,
+size_t push_instruction_byte(Translated *translator, uint8_t byte) {
-                          uint64_t code) {
-  code = htole64(code);
-  size_t *ptr = (translator->bytecode.data + offset);
-  *ptr = code;
-}
-
-size_t push_instruction_code(Translated *translator, uint64_t code) {
-  code = htole64(code);
   size_t offset = translator->bytecode.size;
-  darray_push(&translator->bytecode, &code);
+  darray_push(&translator->bytecode, &byte);
   return offset;
 }
 
-void set_registers(Translated *translator, size_t count) {
+size_t push_instruction_code(Translated *translator, uint64_t code) {
+  size_t offset = translator->bytecode.size;
+  uint8_t bytes[8];
+  uint64_to_bytes(code, bytes);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(bytes); i++) {
+    darray_push(&translator->bytecode, &(bytes[i]));
+  }
+  return offset;
+}
+
+void set_registers(Translated *translator, uint8_t count) {
   if (count > translator->registerCount)
     translator->registerCount = count;
 }
@@ -82,16 +108,23 @@ void set_registers(Translated *translator, size_t count) {
 size_t translate_parsed(Translated *translated, ParsedValue *parsedValue) {
   switch (parsedValue->type) {
   case AST_STRING:
-    return translate_parsed_string(translated, parsedValue);
+    return translate_parsed_string(translated,
+                                   *((ParsedString *)parsedValue->data));
   case AST_DECLARATION:
-    return translate_parsed_declaration(translated, parsedValue);
+    return translate_parsed_declaration(translated,
+                                        *((DArray *)parsedValue->data));
   case AST_NUMBER:
-    return translate_parsed_number(translated, parsedValue);
+    return translate_parsed_number(translated, (char *)parsedValue->data, 0);
   case AST_NULL:
     set_registers(translated, 1);
-    size_t output = push_instruction_code(translated, OP_LOAD_NULL);
+    size_t output = push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_LOAD_NULL);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, 0);
+    push_instruction_byte(translated, 0);
     return output;
+  case AST_FUNCTION:
+    return translate_parsed_function(translated,
+                                     (ParsedFunction *)parsedValue->data);
+  case AST_IDENTIFIER:
+    return translate_parsed_identifier(translated, (char *)parsedValue->data);
   }
   return 0;
 }

src/translator/translator.h

@@ -4,33 +4,37 @@
 #include "../dynamic_array/darray.h"
 #include "../memory.h"
 #include "../parser/parser.h"
+#include "../hashmap/hashmap.h"
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-typedef enum { OP_LOAD_CONST = 255, OP_DECLARE, OP_LOAD_NULL, OP_JUMP } OperationType;
+typedef enum { OP_LOAD_CONST, OP_DECLARE, OP_LOAD_NULL, OP_LOAD_FUNCTION, OP_IDENTIFIER } OperationType;
-typedef enum { TYPE_OP_STRING = 255, TYPE_OP_NUMBER } types;
+typedef enum { TYPE_OP_STRING, TYPE_OP_NUMBER } types;
 
 typedef struct {
   void *data;
   size_t capacity;
   size_t size;
+  struct hashmap * hashmap;
 } ConstantArena;
 
 typedef struct {
-  size_t registerCount;
+  uint8_t registerCount;
   DArray bytecode;
   ConstantArena constants;
 } Translated;
 
+void arena_resize(ConstantArena *arena, size_t new_size);
+
 void *arena_get(ConstantArena *arena, size_t offset);
 
 size_t arena_push(ConstantArena *arena, const void *data, size_t length);
 
-void set_instruction_code(Translated * translator, size_t offset, uint64_t code);
+size_t push_instruction_byte(Translated *translator, uint8_t byte);
 
 size_t push_instruction_code(Translated *translator, uint64_t code);
 
-void set_registers(Translated *translator, size_t count);
+void set_registers(Translated *translator, uint8_t count);
 
 Translated init_translator();
 

test.ar

@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+"h"
+"e"
+"ll"
+"o"
+" "
+"wo"
+"rl"
+"d"
+"world"
 "hello world"
 "hello world"
 "hello world"
@@ -15,7 +24,10 @@
 "hello world"
 "hello\u0000world"
 "🇬🇧"
-"hello\u0000world"
+"\u0000"
+"hello"
+
+let hello = "helllo\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nbruhhhhh"
 
 1.24323234e2312324
 

test.json

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-"\u0000"