fix some memory leaks

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          submodules: recursive
 
       - name: Setup Python (needed for Conan)
         uses: actions/setup-python@v4

.gitignore

@@ -60,4 +60,4 @@ build
 *.yy.c
 *.yy.h
 
-out.arbin
+__arcache__

.gitmodules

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[submodule "external/xxhash"]
+	path = external/xxhash
+	url = https://github.com/Cyan4973/xxHash.git
+[submodule "external/cwalk"]
+	path = external/cwalk
+	url = https://github.com/likle/cwalk.git
+[submodule "external/libdye"]
+	path = external/libdye
+	url = https://github.com/Ugric/libdye.git

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -30,7 +30,10 @@ add_custom_command(
 add_custom_target(GenerateLexer DEPENDS ${LEXER_C} ${LEXER_H})
 
 # Step 3: Add executable
-add_executable(argon ${CFILES} ${LEXER_C})
+add_executable(argon external/xxhash/xxhash.c external/cwalk/src/cwalk.c external/libdye/src/dye.c ${CFILES} ${LEXER_C})
+set(CMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION TRUE)
+target_include_directories(argon PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/external/cwalk/include)
+target_include_directories(argon PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/external/libdye/include)
 
 # Step 4: Build order
 add_dependencies(argon GenerateLexer)
@@ -56,3 +59,5 @@ target_link_libraries(argon PRIVATE
 target_include_directories(argon PRIVATE
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/lexer
 )
+
+add_custom_command(TARGET argon POST_BUILD COMMAND ${CMAKE_STRIP} $<TARGET_FILE:argon>)

LICENSE

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+This project is licensed under the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3), except for
+some files (e.g., in the `src/hash_data/siphash/` directory) which are licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
+See the LICENSE-CC0 file in the respective directories for details.
+
                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                        Version 3, 29 June 2007
 

Makefile

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ LEXER_SRC = src/lexer/lex.l
 LEXER_C = src/lexer/lex.yy.c
 LEXER_H = src/lexer/lex.yy.h
 
-CFILES = $(shell find src -name '*.c')
+CFILES = external/xxhash/xxhash.c external/cwalk/src/cwalk.c external/libdye/src/dye.c $(shell find src -name '*.c')
-CFLAGS = $(ARCHFLAGS) -lm -lgc -lgmp -Wall -Wextra -Wno-unused-function
+CFLAGS = $(ARCHFLAGS) -lm -lgc -lgmp -Wall -Wextra -Wno-unused-function -Iexternal/cwalk/include -Iexternal/libdye/include
 BINARY = bin/argon
 
 all: $(BINARY)
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ $(BINARY): $(CFILES) $(LEXER_C) $(LEXER_H)
 	mkdir -p bin
 	gcc -O3 -o $(BINARY) $(CFILES) $(CFLAGS) -s
 
+native: $(CFILES) $(LEXER_C) $(LEXER_H)
+	mkdir -p bin
+	gcc -O3 -march=native -o $(BINARY) $(CFILES) $(CFLAGS)
+
 debug: $(CFILES) $(LEXER_C) $(LEXER_H)
 	mkdir -p bin
 	gcc -g -O0 -o $(BINARY) $(CFILES) $(CFLAGS)
@@ -26,7 +30,7 @@ full-debug: $(CFILES) $(LEXER_C) $(LEXER_H)
 optimised: $(CFILES) $(LEXER_C) $(LEXER_H)
 	mkdir -p bin
 	gcc -O3 -fprofile-generate -o $(BINARY) $(CFILES) $(CFLAGS)
-	${BINARY} test.ar
+	${BINARY} rand_test.ar
 	gcc -O3 -fprofile-use -o $(BINARY) $(CFILES) $(CFLAGS)
 	
 

gentest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import random
+import sys
+
+for i in range(100000000):
+  sys.stdout.write("\"")
+  sys.stdout.write(str(random.random()))
+  sys.stdout.write("\"\n")

null_test.ar

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-null
-"hello\u0000world"

src/arobject.h

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#ifndef AROBJECT_H
+#define AROBJECT_H
+
+#include <gmp.h>
+#include "runtime/internals/dynamic_array_armem/darray_armem.h"
+
+typedef struct ArgonObject ArgonObject;  // forward declaration
+
+typedef enum ArgonType {
+  TYPE_NULL,
+  TYPE_BOOL,
+  TYPE_NUMBER,
+  TYPE_STRING,
+  TYPE_FUNCTION,
+  TYPE_NATIVE_FUNCTION,
+  TYPE_OBJECT,
+} ArgonType;
+
+struct string_struct {
+  char *data;
+  size_t length;
+};
+
+typedef struct Stack {
+  ArgonObject *scope;
+  struct Stack *prev;
+} Stack;
+
+struct argon_function_struct {
+  darray_armem bytecode;
+  Stack stack;
+  size_t number_of_parameters;
+  char **parameters;
+};
+
+// full definition of ArgonObject (no typedef again!)
+struct ArgonObject {
+  ArgonType type;
+  char *name;
+  ArgonObject *self;
+  ArgonObject *baseObject;
+  struct hashmap_GC *fields;
+  union {
+    mpq_t as_number;
+    bool as_bool;
+    struct string_struct as_str;
+    void *native_fn;
+    struct argon_function_struct argon_fn;
+  } value;
+};
+
+#endif // AROBJECT_H

src/dynamic_array/darray.h

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h> // for size_t
 
-#define CHUNK_SIZE 1024
+#define CHUNK_SIZE 1048576
 
 typedef struct {
   void *data;

src/err.c

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+#include "err.h"
+#include "../external/libdye/include/dye.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+const ArErr no_err = (ArErr){false};
+
+ArErr create_err(int64_t line, int64_t column, int length, char *path,
+                 const char *type, const char *fmt, ...) {
+  ArErr err;
+  err.exists = true;
+  err.path = path;
+  err.line = line;
+  err.column = column;
+  err.length = length;
+
+  // Copy error type safely
+  strncpy(err.type, type, sizeof(err.type) - 1);
+  err.type[sizeof(err.type) - 1] = '\0';
+
+  // Format error message
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, fmt);
+  vsnprintf(err.message, sizeof(err.message), fmt, args);
+  va_end(args);
+
+  return err;
+}
+
+void output_err(ArErr err) {
+  if (!err.exists)
+    return;
+  dye(stderr, DYE_WHITE, DYE_RED);
+  fprintf(stderr, "ERROR!");
+  dye(stderr, DYE_RESET, DYE_RESET);
+  fprintf(stderr, " ");
+  dyefg(stderr, DYE_RED);
+  dye_style(stderr, DYE_STYLE_BOLD);
+  fprintf(stderr, "%s", err.type);
+  dye_style(stderr, DYE_STYLE_RESET);
+  dyefg(stderr, DYE_RESET);
+  fprintf(stderr, ": ");
+  dyefg(stderr, DYE_RED);
+  fprintf(stderr, "%s", err.message);
+  dye_style(stderr, DYE_STYLE_RESET);
+  dyefg(stderr, DYE_RESET);
+  fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+
+  if (err.path && err.line) {
+    dyefg(stderr, DYE_GRAY);
+    fprintf(stderr, "  --> ");
+    dyefg(stderr, DYE_CYAN);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", err.path);
+    dyefg(stderr, DYE_GRAY);
+    fprintf(stderr, ":");
+    dyefg(stderr, DYE_YELLOW);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%zu", err.line);
+    dyefg(stderr, DYE_GRAY);
+    fprintf(stderr, ":");
+    dyefg(stderr, DYE_YELLOW);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%zu", err.column);
+    dye_style(stderr, DYE_STYLE_RESET);
+    dyefg(stderr, DYE_RESET);
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+    FILE *file = fopen(err.path, "r");
+    if (file) {
+      dye_style(stderr, DYE_STYLE_RESET);
+      dyefg(stderr, DYE_RESET);
+      int line_number_width = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%zu", err.line);
+      char *buffer = NULL;
+      size_t size = 0;
+      int current_line = 1;
+      ssize_t len;
+
+      while ((len = getline(&buffer, &size, file)) != -1) {
+        if (current_line == err.line) {
+          break;
+        }
+        current_line++;
+      }
+      fprintf(stderr, "  ");
+      for (int i = 0; i < line_number_width; i++) {
+        fprintf(stderr, " ");
+      }
+      fprintf(stderr, "|\n");
+      getline(&buffer, &size, file);
+
+      char *line_starts = buffer;
+      while (*line_starts && isspace((unsigned char)*line_starts) && line_starts-buffer < err.column-1) {
+        line_starts++;
+        err.column--;
+      }
+      fprintf(stderr, " %zu | ", err.line);
+      if (err.length) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%.*s", (int)err.column-1, line_starts);
+        dyefg(stderr, DYE_RED);
+        dye_style(stderr, DYE_STYLE_BOLD);
+        fprintf(stderr, "%.*s", err.length, line_starts + err.column - 1);
+        dye_style(stderr, DYE_STYLE_RESET);
+        dyefg(stderr, DYE_RESET);
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s", line_starts + (int)err.column + err.length - 1);
+        for (int64_t i = 0; i < err.column - 1; i++) {
+          fprintf(stderr, " ");
+        }
+      } else {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s", line_starts);
+      }
+      free(buffer);
+      fprintf(stderr, "\n  ");
+      for (int i = 0; i < line_number_width; i++) {
+        fprintf(stderr, " ");
+      }
+      fprintf(stderr, "| ");
+
+      for (int i = 1; i < err.column; i++) {
+        fprintf(stderr, " ");
+      }
+      dyefg(stderr, DYE_RED);
+      dye_style(stderr, DYE_STYLE_BOLD);
+      for (int i = 0; i < err.length; i++) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "^");
+      }
+      dye_style(stderr, DYE_STYLE_RESET);
+      dyefg(stderr, DYE_RESET);
+      fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+    }
+  }
+}

src/err.h

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include "returnTypes.h"
+
+extern const ArErr no_err;
+
+ArErr create_err(int64_t line, int64_t column, int length, char *path, const char *type,
+                 const char *fmt, ...);
+void output_err(ArErr err);

src/hash_data/hash_data.c

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include "siphash/siphash.h"
+#include "hash_data.h"
+
+uint8_t siphash_key[16];
+uint8_t empty_siphash_key[16];
+
+void generate_siphash_key(uint8_t hash_key[16]) {
+  int fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
+  if (fd < 0 || read(fd, hash_key, 16) != 16) {
+    // Fallback or abort
+  }
+  close(fd);
+}
+
+uint64_t siphash64_bytes(const void *data, size_t len,uint8_t hash_key[16]) {
+  uint8_t out[8];
+  if (siphash(data, len, hash_key, out, sizeof(out)) != 0)
+    return 0;
+
+  uint64_t hash = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
+    hash |= ((uint64_t)out[i]) << (8 * i);
+
+  return hash;
+}

src/hash_data/hash_data.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#ifndef HASH_DATA_H
+#define HASH_DATA_H
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+extern uint8_t siphash_key[16];
+extern uint8_t empty_siphash_key[16];
+
+void generate_siphash_key(uint8_t siphash_key[16]);
+uint64_t siphash64_bytes(const void *data, size_t len,uint8_t siphash_key[16]);
+#endif //HASH_DATA_H

src/hash_data/siphash/LICENSE_CC0

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+This license applies **only** to the files that explicitly state at the top of the file that they are under CC0 1.0 Universal.
+
+All other files in this project are licensed under the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPLv3) unless otherwise stated.
+
+Please refer to the LICENSE file in the root directory for the main project license.
+
+CC0 1.0 Universal
+
+Statement of Purpose
+
+The laws of most jurisdictions throughout the world automatically confer
+exclusive Copyright and Related Rights (defined below) upon the creator and
+subsequent owner(s) (each and all, an "owner") of an original work of
+authorship and/or a database (each, a "Work").
+
+Certain owners wish to permanently relinquish those rights to a Work for the
+purpose of contributing to a commons of creative, cultural and scientific
+works ("Commons") that the public can reliably and without fear of later
+claims of infringement build upon, modify, incorporate in other works, reuse
+and redistribute as freely as possible in any form whatsoever and for any
+purposes, including without limitation commercial purposes. These owners may
+contribute to the Commons to promote the ideal of a free culture and the
+further production of creative, cultural and scientific works, or to gain
+reputation or greater distribution for their Work in part through the use and
+efforts of others.
+
+For these and/or other purposes and motivations, and without any expectation
+of additional consideration or compensation, the person associating CC0 with a
+Work (the "Affirmer"), to the extent that he or she is an owner of Copyright
+and Related Rights in the Work, voluntarily elects to apply CC0 to the Work
+and publicly distribute the Work under its terms, with knowledge of his or her
+Copyright and Related Rights in the Work and the meaning and intended legal
+effect of CC0 on those rights.
+
+1. Copyright and Related Rights. A Work made available under CC0 may be
+protected by copyright and related or neighboring rights ("Copyright and
+Related Rights"). Copyright and Related Rights include, but are not limited
+to, the following:
+
+  i. the right to reproduce, adapt, distribute, perform, display, communicate,
+  and translate a Work;
+
+  ii. moral rights retained by the original author(s) and/or performer(s);
+
+  iii. publicity and privacy rights pertaining to a person's image or likeness
+  depicted in a Work;
+
+  iv. rights protecting against unfair competition in regards to a Work,
+  subject to the limitations in paragraph 4(a), below;
+
+  v. rights protecting the extraction, dissemination, use and reuse of data in
+  a Work;
+
+  vi. database rights (such as those arising under Directive 96/9/EC of the
+  European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal
+  protection of databases, and under any national implementation thereof,
+  including any amended or successor version of such directive); and
+
+  vii. other similar, equivalent or corresponding rights throughout the world
+  based on applicable law or treaty, and any national implementations thereof.
+
+2. Waiver. To the greatest extent permitted by, but not in contravention of,
+applicable law, Affirmer hereby overtly, fully, permanently, irrevocably and
+unconditionally waives, abandons, and surrenders all of Affirmer's Copyright
+and Related Rights and associated claims and causes of action, whether now
+known or unknown (including existing as well as future claims and causes of
+action), in the Work (i) in all territories worldwide, (ii) for the maximum
+duration provided by applicable law or treaty (including future time
+extensions), (iii) in any current or future medium and for any number of
+copies, and (iv) for any purpose whatsoever, including without limitation
+commercial, advertising or promotional purposes (the "Waiver"). Affirmer makes
+the Waiver for the benefit of each member of the public at large and to the
+detriment of Affirmer's heirs and successors, fully intending that such Waiver
+shall not be subject to revocation, rescission, cancellation, termination, or
+any other legal or equitable action to disrupt the quiet enjoyment of the Work
+by the public as contemplated by Affirmer's express Statement of Purpose.
+
+3. Public License Fallback. Should any part of the Waiver for any reason be
+judged legally invalid or ineffective under applicable law, then the Waiver
+shall be preserved to the maximum extent permitted taking into account
+Affirmer's express Statement of Purpose. In addition, to the extent the Waiver
+is so judged Affirmer hereby grants to each affected person a royalty-free,
+non transferable, non sublicensable, non exclusive, irrevocable and
+unconditional license to exercise Affirmer's Copyright and Related Rights in
+the Work (i) in all territories worldwide, (ii) for the maximum duration
+provided by applicable law or treaty (including future time extensions), (iii)
+in any current or future medium and for any number of copies, and (iv) for any
+purpose whatsoever, including without limitation commercial, advertising or
+promotional purposes (the "License"). The License shall be deemed effective as
+of the date CC0 was applied by Affirmer to the Work. Should any part of the
+License for any reason be judged legally invalid or ineffective under
+applicable law, such partial invalidity or ineffectiveness shall not
+invalidate the remainder of the License, and in such case Affirmer hereby
+affirms that he or she will not (i) exercise any of his or her remaining
+Copyright and Related Rights in the Work or (ii) assert any associated claims
+and causes of action with respect to the Work, in either case contrary to
+Affirmer's express Statement of Purpose.
+
+4. Limitations and Disclaimers.
+
+  a. No trademark or patent rights held by Affirmer are waived, abandoned,
+  surrendered, licensed or otherwise affected by this document.
+
+  b. Affirmer offers the Work as-is and makes no representations or warranties
+  of any kind concerning the Work, express, implied, statutory or otherwise,
+  including without limitation warranties of title, merchantability, fitness
+  for a particular purpose, non infringement, or the absence of latent or
+  other defects, accuracy, or the present or absence of errors, whether or not
+  discoverable, all to the greatest extent permissible under applicable law.
+
+  c. Affirmer disclaims responsibility for clearing rights of other persons
+  that may apply to the Work or any use thereof, including without limitation
+  any person's Copyright and Related Rights in the Work. Further, Affirmer
+  disclaims responsibility for obtaining any necessary consents, permissions
+  or other rights required for any use of the Work.
+
+  d. Affirmer understands and acknowledges that Creative Commons is not a
+  party to this document and has no duty or obligation with respect to this
+  CC0 or use of the Work.
+
+For more information, please see
+<http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>

src/hash_data/siphash/siphash.c

@@ -1,18 +1,22 @@
 /*
-   SipHash reference C implementation
+ * This file is dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0 Universal.
-
+ * See the LICENSE-CC0 file in this directory for details.
-   Copyright (c) 2012-2022 Jean-Philippe Aumasson
+ *
-   <jeanphilippe.aumasson@gmail.com>
+ * SipHash reference C implementation
-   Copyright (c) 2012-2014 Daniel J. Bernstein <djb@cr.yp.to>
+ *
-
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2022 Jean-Philippe Aumasson
-   To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright
+ *   <jeanphilippe.aumasson@gmail.com>
-   and related and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2014 Daniel J. Bernstein <djb@cr.yp.to>
-   worldwide. This software is distributed without any warranty.
+ *
-
+ * To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright
-   You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along
+ * and related and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain
-   with
+ * worldwide. This software is distributed without any warranty.
-   this software. If not, see
+ *
-   <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
+ * You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along
+ * with this software. If not, see
+ * <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
  */
 
 #include "siphash.h"

src/hash_data/siphash/siphash.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * This file is dedicated to the public domain under CC0 1.0 Universal.
+ * See the LICENSE-CC0 file in this directory for details.
+ *
+ * SipHash reference C implementation
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2022 Jean-Philippe Aumasson
+ *   <jeanphilippe.aumasson@gmail.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2014 Daniel J. Bernstein <djb@cr.yp.to>
+ *
+ * To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright
+ * and related and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain
+ * worldwide. This software is distributed without any warranty.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along
+ * with this software. If not, see
+ * <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+ */
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int siphash(const void *in, const size_t inlen, const void *k, uint8_t *out,
+            const size_t outlen);

src/hashmap/hashmap.c

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "../memory.h"
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+struct hashmap *createHashmap() {
+  size_t size = 8;
+  struct hashmap *t = (struct hashmap *)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct hashmap));
+  t->size = size;
+  t->order = 1;
+  t->list = (struct node **)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct node *) * size);
+  memset(t->list, 0, sizeof(struct node *) * size);
+  return t;
+}
+
+void hashmap_free(struct hashmap *t, free_val_func free_val) {
+  if (!t)
+    return;
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < t->size; i++) {
+    struct node *current = t->list[i];
+    while (current) {
+      struct node *next = current->next;
+      if (free_val && current->val) {
+        free_val(current->val);
+      }
+      free(current);
+      current = next;
+    }
+  }
+  free(t->list);
+  free(t);
+}
+
+void resize_hashmap(struct hashmap *t) {
+  int old_size = t->size;
+  int new_size = old_size * 2;
+
+  struct node **old_list = t->list;
+
+  // Create new list
+  t->list = (struct node **)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct node *) * new_size);
+  memset(t->list, 0, sizeof(struct node *) * new_size);
+
+  t->size = new_size;
+  t->count = 0;
+
+  // Rehash old entries into new list
+  for (int i = 0; i < old_size; i++) {
+    struct node *temp = old_list[i];
+    while (temp) {
+      hashmap_insert(t, temp->hash, temp->key, temp->val,
+                     temp->order); // Will increment count
+      struct node *temp_temp = temp;
+      temp = temp->next;
+      free(temp_temp);
+    }
+  }
+  free(old_list);
+}
+
+int hashCode(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash) { return hash & (t->size - 1); }
+
+int hashmap_remove(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash) {
+  int pos = hashCode(t, hash);
+  struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node *temp = list;
+  struct node *prev = NULL;
+  while (temp) {
+    if (temp->hash == hash) {
+      if (prev)
+        prev->next = temp->next;
+      else
+        t->list[pos] = temp->next;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    prev = temp;
+    temp = temp->next;
+  }
+  list = NULL;
+  prev = NULL;
+  temp = NULL;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void hashmap_insert(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash, void *key, void *val,
+                    size_t order) {
+  if (!order) {
+    order = t->order++;
+  }
+  if ((t->count + 1) > t->size * 0.75) {
+    resize_hashmap(t);
+  }
+
+  int pos = hashCode(t, hash);
+  struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node *temp = list;
+
+  // Check if key exists → overwrite
+  while (temp) {
+    if (temp->hash == hash) {
+      temp->val = val;
+      return;
+    }
+    temp = temp->next;
+  }
+
+  // Insert new node
+  struct node *newNode = (struct node *)checked_malloc(sizeof(struct node));
+  newNode->hash = hash;
+  newNode->key = key;
+  newNode->val = val;
+  newNode->order = order;
+  newNode->next = list;
+  t->list[pos] = newNode;
+  t->count++;
+}
+
+void *hashmap_lookup(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash) {
+  int pos = hashCode(t, hash);
+  struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node *temp = list;
+  while (temp) {
+    if (temp->hash == hash) {
+      return temp->val;
+    }
+    temp = temp->next;
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}

src/hashmap/hashmap.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef HASHMAP_H
+#define HASHMAP_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef void (*free_val_func)(void *val);
+
+struct node {
+  uint64_t hash;
+  void *key;
+  void *val;
+  size_t order;
+  struct node *next;
+};
+struct hashmap {
+  size_t size;
+  size_t count;
+  size_t order;
+  struct node **list;
+};
+
+struct hashmap *createHashmap();
+
+void hashmap_free(struct hashmap *t, free_val_func free_val);
+
+int hashCode(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash);
+
+int hashmap_remove(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash);
+
+void hashmap_insert(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash, void *key,
+                    void *val, size_t order);
+
+void *hashmap_lookup(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash);
+
+#endif // HASHMAP_H

src/lexer/lex.l

@@ -108,8 +108,6 @@ int yywrap(void * unused_param) {
 #[^\n]*        { /* skip comment */ }
 
 .   {
-    GET_STATE
+    return TOKEN_INVALID;
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: unexpected character '%s'\n", state->path, state->current_line+1, COLUMN_NO+1, yytext);
-    exit(1);
 }
 %%

src/lexer/lexer.c

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #include "lexer.h"
-#include "lex.yy.h"
 #include "../string/string.h"
+#include "lex.yy.h"
 
-void lexer(LexerState state) {
+ArErr lexer(LexerState state) {
   size_t line = 1;
   size_t column = 1;
   int ch;
@@ -32,13 +32,16 @@ void lexer(LexerState state) {
 
   int token;
   while ((token = yylex(scanner)) != 0) {
-    Token token_struct = (Token){
+    if (token == TOKEN_INVALID) {
-      token,
+      ArErr err = create_err(state.current_line + 1, state.current_column + 1,
-      state.current_line+1,
+                        yyget_leng(scanner), state.path, "Syntax Error",
-      state.current_column+1,
+                        "Invalid Token '%s'", yyget_text(scanner));
-      yyget_leng(scanner),
+      yylex_destroy(scanner);
-      cloneString(yyget_text(scanner))
+      return err;
-    };
+    }
+    Token token_struct =
+        (Token){token, state.current_line + 1, state.current_column + 1,
+                yyget_leng(scanner), cloneString(yyget_text(scanner))};
     darray_push(state.tokens, &token_struct);
     if (token == TOKEN_NEW_LINE) {
       state.current_line += 1;
@@ -48,4 +51,5 @@ void lexer(LexerState state) {
     }
   }
   yylex_destroy(scanner);
+  return no_err;
 }

src/lexer/lexer.h

@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
 #include "../dynamic_array/darray.h"
 #include "token.h"
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include "../err.h"
 
 typedef struct {
-  const char *path;
+  char *path;
   FILE *file;
   size_t current_line;
   size_t current_column;
@@ -14,6 +15,6 @@ typedef struct {
   // add more fields as needed
 } LexerState;
 
-void lexer(LexerState state);
+ArErr lexer(LexerState state);
 
 #endif // LEXER_H

src/lexer/token.h

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ typedef enum {
   TOKEN_COMMA,
   TOKEN_COLON,
   TOKEN_EXCLAMATION,
+  TOKEN_INVALID,
 } TokenType;
 
 typedef struct {

src/main.c

@@ -3,83 +3,321 @@
 #include "lexer/token.h"
 #include "memory.h"
 #include "parser/parser.h"
-#include "translator/translator.h"
 #include "runtime/runtime.h"
+#include "translator/translator.h"
 
+#include "../external/xxhash/xxhash.h"
+#include "hash_data/hash_data.h"
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <endian.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <locale.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <direct.h>
+#define mkdir(path, mode) _mkdir(path)
+#else
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
+#include "../external/cwalk/include/cwalk.h"
+#include <string.h>
 
-const char FILE_IDENTIFIER[] = "ARBI";
+#ifdef _WIN32
-const uint64_t version_number = 0;
+#include <windows.h>
+#else
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+#include "err.h"
 
-int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+char *get_current_directory() {
-  setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+  char *buffer = NULL;
-  if (argc <= 1)
-    return -1;
-  ar_memory_init();
-  char *path = argv[1];
-  DArray tokens;
 
-  darray_init(&tokens, sizeof(Token));
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  DWORD size = GetCurrentDirectoryA(0, NULL);
+  buffer = malloc(size);
+  if (buffer == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  if (GetCurrentDirectoryA(size, buffer) == 0) {
+    free(buffer);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+#else
+  long size = pathconf(".", _PC_PATH_MAX);
+  if (size == -1)
+    size = 4096; // fallback
+  buffer = malloc(size);
+  if (buffer == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+  if (getcwd(buffer, size) == NULL) {
+    free(buffer);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+#endif
 
-  FILE *file = fopen(path, "r");
+  return buffer;
+}
 
-  if (!file) {
+int ensure_dir_exists(const char *path) {
-    return -1;
+  struct stat st = {0};
+
+  if (stat(path, &st) == -1) {
+    // Directory does not exist, create it
+    if (mkdir(path, 0755) != 0) {
+      perror("mkdir failed");
+      return -1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+const char CACHE_FOLDER[] = "__arcache__";
+const char FILE_IDENTIFIER[5] = "ARBI";
+const char BYTECODE_EXTENTION[] = "arbin";
+const uint32_t version_number = 0;
+
+int load_cache(Translated *translated_dest, char *joined_paths, uint64_t hash) {
+  FILE *bytecode_file = fopen(joined_paths, "rb");
+  if (!bytecode_file)
+    return 1;
+  char file_identifier_from_cache[sizeof(FILE_IDENTIFIER)] = {0};
+  if (fread(&file_identifier_from_cache, 1,
+            sizeof(file_identifier_from_cache) - 1,
+            bytecode_file) != sizeof(file_identifier_from_cache) - 1 ||
+      memcmp(file_identifier_from_cache, FILE_IDENTIFIER,
+             sizeof(file_identifier_from_cache)) != 0) {
+    goto FAILED;
   }
 
-  LexerState state = {path, file, 0, 0, &tokens};
+  uint32_t read_version;
-  lexer(state);
+  if (fread(&read_version, 1, sizeof(read_version), bytecode_file) !=
-  fclose(state.file);
+      sizeof(read_version)) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+  read_version = le32toh(read_version);
 
-  DArray ast;
+  if (read_version != version_number) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
 
-  darray_init(&ast, sizeof(ParsedValue));
+  uint64_t read_hash;
+  if (fread(&read_hash, 1, sizeof(read_hash), bytecode_file) !=
+      sizeof(read_hash)) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+  read_hash = le64toh(read_hash);
 
-  parser(path, &ast, &tokens, false);
+  if (read_hash != hash) {
-  darray_free(&tokens, free_token);
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+
+  uint8_t register_count;
+  if (fread(&register_count, 1, sizeof(register_count), bytecode_file) !=
+      sizeof(register_count)) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t constantsSize;
+  if (fread(&constantsSize, 1, sizeof(constantsSize), bytecode_file) !=
+      sizeof(constantsSize)) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+  constantsSize = le64toh(constantsSize);
+
+  uint64_t bytecodeSize;
+  if (fread(&bytecodeSize, 1, sizeof(bytecodeSize), bytecode_file) !=
+      sizeof(bytecodeSize)) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+  bytecodeSize = le64toh(bytecodeSize);
+
+  arena_resize(&translated_dest->constants, constantsSize);
+
+  if (fread(translated_dest->constants.data, 1, constantsSize, bytecode_file) !=
+      constantsSize) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+
+  darray_resize(&translated_dest->bytecode, bytecodeSize);
+
+  if (fread(translated_dest->bytecode.data, 1, bytecodeSize, bytecode_file) !=
+      bytecodeSize) {
+    goto FAILED;
+  }
+
+  translated_dest->registerCount = register_count;
+
+  fclose(bytecode_file);
+  return 0;
+FAILED:
+  fclose(bytecode_file);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+Execution execute(char *absolute_path) {
+  clock_t start, end;
+  double time_spent, total_time_spent = 0;
+
+  const char *basename_ptr;
+  size_t basename_length;
+  cwk_path_get_basename(absolute_path, &basename_ptr, &basename_length);
+
+  if (!basename_ptr)
+    return (Execution){create_err(0, 0, 0, NULL, "Path Error",
+                                  "path has no basename '%s'", absolute_path),
+                       (Stack){NULL, NULL}};
+
+  char basename[FILENAME_MAX];
+  memcpy(basename, basename_ptr, basename_length);
+
+  size_t parent_directory_length;
+  cwk_path_get_dirname(absolute_path, &parent_directory_length);
+
+  char parent_directory[FILENAME_MAX];
+  memcpy(parent_directory, absolute_path, parent_directory_length);
+  parent_directory[parent_directory_length] = '\0';
+
+  char cache_folder_path[FILENAME_MAX];
+  cwk_path_join(parent_directory, CACHE_FOLDER, cache_folder_path,
+                sizeof(cache_folder_path));
+
+  char cache_file_path[FILENAME_MAX];
+  cwk_path_join(cache_folder_path, basename, cache_file_path,
+                sizeof(cache_file_path));
+  cwk_path_change_extension(cache_file_path, BYTECODE_EXTENTION,
+                            cache_file_path, sizeof(cache_file_path));
+
+  FILE *file = fopen(absolute_path, "r");
+  if (!file) {
+    return (Execution){create_err(0, 0, 0, NULL, "File Error",
+                                  "Unable to open file '%s'", absolute_path),
+                       (Stack){NULL, NULL}};
+  }
+
+  XXH3_state_t *hash_state = XXH3_createState();
+  XXH3_64bits_reset(hash_state);
+
+  char buffer[8192];
+  size_t bytes;
+  while ((bytes = fread(buffer, 1, sizeof(buffer), file)) > 0) {
+    XXH3_64bits_update(hash_state, buffer, bytes);
+  }
+  rewind(file);
+  uint64_t hash = XXH3_64bits_digest(hash_state);
+  XXH3_freeState(hash_state);
 
   Translated translated = init_translator();
 
-  translate(&translated, &ast);
+  if (load_cache(&translated, cache_file_path, hash) != 0) {
+    free_translator(&translated);
+    translated = init_translator();
 
-  darray_free(&ast, free_parsed);
+    DArray tokens;
+    darray_init(&tokens, sizeof(Token));
 
-  file = fopen("out.arbin", "wb");
+    LexerState state = {absolute_path, file, 0, 0, &tokens};
+    start = clock();
+    ArErr err = lexer(state);
+    if (err.exists) {
+      free_translator(&translated);
+      darray_free(&tokens, free_token);
+      return (Execution){err, (Stack){NULL, NULL}};
+    }
+    end = clock();
+    time_spent = (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+    total_time_spent += time_spent;
+    printf("Lexer time taken: %f seconds\n", time_spent);
+    fclose(state.file);
 
-  uint64_t regCount = (uint64_t)translated.registerCount;
+    DArray ast;
-  uint64_t constantsSize = (uint64_t)translated.constants.size;
-  uint64_t bytecodeSize = (uint64_t)translated.bytecode.size;
 
-  uint64_t version_number_htole64ed = htole64(version_number);
+    darray_init(&ast, sizeof(ParsedValue));
-  regCount = htole64(regCount);
-  regCount = htole64(regCount);
-  constantsSize = htole64(constantsSize);
-  bytecodeSize = htole64(bytecodeSize);
 
-  fwrite(&FILE_IDENTIFIER, sizeof(char), strlen(FILE_IDENTIFIER), file);
+    start = clock();
-  fwrite(&version_number_htole64ed, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
+    err = parser(absolute_path, &ast, &tokens, false);
-  fwrite(&regCount, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
+    if (err.exists) {
-  fwrite(&constantsSize, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
+      free_translator(&translated);
-  fwrite(&bytecodeSize, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
+      darray_free(&tokens, free_token);
-  fwrite(translated.constants.data, 1, translated.constants.size, file);
+      darray_free(&ast, free_parsed);
-  fwrite(translated.bytecode.data, translated.bytecode.element_size,
+      return (Execution){err, (Stack){NULL, NULL}};
-         translated.bytecode.size, file);
+    }
+    end = clock();
+    time_spent = (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+    total_time_spent += time_spent;
+    printf("Parser time taken: %f seconds\n", time_spent);
+    darray_free(&tokens, free_token);
 
-  fclose(file);
+    start = clock();
+    translate(&translated, &ast);
+    end = clock();
+    time_spent = (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+    total_time_spent += time_spent;
+    printf("Translation time taken: %f seconds\n", time_spent);
 
-  generate_siphash_key();
+    darray_free(&ast, free_parsed);
+    ensure_dir_exists(cache_folder_path);
 
-  init_types();
+    file = fopen(cache_file_path, "wb");
 
-  runtime(translated);
+    uint64_t constantsSize = (uint64_t)translated.constants.size;
+    uint64_t bytecodeSize = (uint64_t)translated.bytecode.size;
+
+    uint32_t version_number_htole32ed = htole32(version_number);
+    uint64_t net_hash = htole64(hash);
+    constantsSize = htole64(constantsSize);
+    bytecodeSize = htole64(bytecodeSize);
+
+    fwrite(&FILE_IDENTIFIER, sizeof(char), strlen(FILE_IDENTIFIER), file);
+    fwrite(&version_number_htole32ed, sizeof(uint32_t), 1, file);
+    fwrite(&net_hash, sizeof(net_hash), 1, file);
+    fwrite(&translated.registerCount, sizeof(uint8_t), 1, file);
+    fwrite(&constantsSize, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
+    fwrite(&bytecodeSize, sizeof(uint64_t), 1, file);
+    fwrite(translated.constants.data, 1, translated.constants.size, file);
+    fwrite(translated.bytecode.data, translated.bytecode.element_size,
+           translated.bytecode.size, file);
+
+    fclose(file);
+  }
+
+  start = clock();
+  RuntimeState state = init_runtime_state(translated);
+  Stack main_scope = create_scope(NULL);
+  ArErr err = runtime(translated, state, main_scope);
+  free(state.registers);
+  end = clock();
+  time_spent = (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
+  total_time_spent += time_spent;
+  printf("Execution time taken: %f seconds\n", time_spent);
+  printf("total time taken: %f seconds\n", total_time_spent);
 
   free_translator(&translated);
+  return (Execution){err, main_scope};
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+  ar_memory_init();
+  generate_siphash_key(siphash_key);
+  init_types();
+  char *CWD = get_current_directory();
+  if (argc <= 1)
+    return -1;
+  char *path_non_absolute = argv[1];
+  char path[FILENAME_MAX];
+  cwk_path_get_absolute(CWD, path_non_absolute, path, sizeof(path));
+  free(CWD);
+  Execution resp = execute(path);
+  if (resp.err.exists) {
+    output_err(resp.err);
+    return -1;
+  }
   return 0;
 }

src/memory.c

@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
 #include "memory.h"
-#include <gc.h>
 #include <gc/gc.h>
 #include <gmp.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h> // for malloc/free (temp arena fallback)
 #include <string.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-// runtime
-#include "runtime/objects/type/type.h"
 
 void *checked_malloc(size_t size) {
   void *ptr = malloc(size);
@@ -19,15 +15,14 @@ void *checked_malloc(size_t size) {
 }
 
 void *gmp_gc_realloc(void *ptr, size_t old_size, size_t new_size) {
-    (void)old_size;  // Ignore old_size, Boehm doesn't need it
+  (void)old_size; // Ignore old_size, Boehm doesn't need it
-    return GC_realloc(ptr, new_size);
+  return GC_realloc(ptr, new_size);
 }
 
-
 void gmp_gc_free(void *ptr, size_t size) {
-    (void)size;  // Boehm GC manages this itself
+  (void)size; // Boehm GC manages this itself
-    // No-op — memory will be collected automatically
+  // No-op — memory will be collected automatically
-    GC_FREE(ptr);
+  GC_FREE(ptr);
 }
 
 void ar_memory_init() {
@@ -35,9 +30,13 @@ void ar_memory_init() {
   mp_set_memory_functions(GC_malloc, gmp_gc_realloc, gmp_gc_free);
 }
 
-
 void *ar_alloc(size_t size) { return GC_MALLOC(size); }
 
+void ar_finalizer(void *obj, GC_finalization_proc fn, void *client_data,
+                  GC_finalization_proc *old_fn, void **old_client_data) {
+  return GC_register_finalizer_no_order(obj, fn, client_data, old_fn, old_client_data);
+}
+
 void *ar_alloc_atomic(size_t size) { return GC_MALLOC_ATOMIC(size); }
 
 char *ar_strdup(const char *str) {

src/memory.h

@@ -2,8 +2,12 @@
 #define ARGON_MEMORY_H
 
 #include <stddef.h> // for size_t
+#include <gc/gc.h>
 
 // GC-managed allocations
+
+void ar_finalizer(void *obj, GC_finalization_proc fn, void *client_data,
+                  GC_finalization_proc *old_fn, void **old_client_data);
 void *ar_alloc(size_t size);
 void *ar_alloc_atomic(size_t size);
 char *ar_strdup(const char *str);

src/parser/assignable/access/access.c

@@ -1,51 +1,72 @@
 #include "access.h"
 #include "../../../lexer/token.h"
 #include "../../../memory.h"
-#include "../../string/string.h"
 #include "../../parser.h"
+#include "../../string/string.h"
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-ParsedValue *parse_access(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_access(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
-                          ParsedValue *to_access) {
+                               ParsedValue *to_access) {
   Token *first_token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
   (*index)++;
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
   ParsedAccess *parsedAccess = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedAccess));
   parsedAccess->to_access = *to_access;
+  parsedValue->type = AST_ACCESS;
+  parsedValue->data = parsedAccess;
   free(to_access);
   darray_init(&parsedAccess->access, sizeof(ParsedValue));
   if (first_token->type == TOKEN_DOT) {
     error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
     Token *token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
-    ParsedValue *parsedString = parse_string(token, false);
+    ParsedValueReturn parsedString = parse_string(token, false);
-    darray_push(&parsedAccess->access, parsedString);
+    if (parsedString.err.exists) {
-    free(parsedString);
+      free_parsed(parsedValue);
+      free(parsedValue);
+      return parsedString;
+    }
+    darray_push(&parsedAccess->access, parsedString.value);
+    free(parsedString.value);
+    parsedAccess->access_fields = true;
   } else {
+    parsedAccess->access_fields = false;
+    Token *token = first_token;
     while (true) {
       skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
-      ParsedValue *parsedValue = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
+      ParsedValueReturn parsedAccessValue =
+          parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
+      if (parsedAccessValue.err.exists) {
+        free_parsed(parsedValue);
+        free(parsedValue);
+        return parsedAccessValue;
+      } else if (!parsedAccessValue.value) {
+        free_parsed(parsedValue);
+        free(parsedValue);
+        return (ParsedValueReturn){
+            create_err(token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
+                       "Syntax Error", "expected value"),
+            NULL};
+      }
       darray_push(&parsedAccess->access, parsedValue);
       free(parsedValue);
       skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
-      Token *token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
+      token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
       if (token->type == TOKEN_RBRACKET) {
         break;
       } else if (token->type != TOKEN_COLON) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: syntax error\n", file,
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: syntax error\n", file, token->line,
-                token->line, token->column);
+                token->column);
         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }
       (*index)++;
     }
   }
-  parsedValue->type = AST_ACCESS;
-  parsedValue->data = parsedAccess;
   (*index)++;
-  return parsedValue;
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
 }
 
 void free_parse_access(void *ptr) {

src/parser/assignable/access/access.h

@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@
 
 typedef struct {
   ParsedValue to_access;
+  bool access_fields;
   DArray access;
 } ParsedAccess;
 
 // Function declaration for parsing an identifier
-ParsedValue *parse_access(char*file,DArray *tokens, size_t * index, ParsedValue * to_access);
+ParsedValueReturn parse_access(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+                          ParsedValue *to_access);
 
 void free_parse_access(void *ptr);
 

src/parser/assignable/assign/assign.c

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
-ParsedValue *parse_assign(char *file, DArray *tokens, ParsedValue *assign_to,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_assign(char *file, DArray *tokens,
-                          size_t *index) {
+                               ParsedValue *assign_to, size_t *index) {
   Token *token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
   switch (assign_to->type) {
   case AST_IDENTIFIER:
@@ -18,36 +18,53 @@ ParsedValue *parse_assign(char *file, DArray *tokens, ParsedValue *assign_to,
     ParsedCall *call = assign_to->data;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < call->args.size; i++) {
       if (((ParsedValue *)darray_get(&call->args, i))->type != AST_IDENTIFIER) {
-        fprintf(stderr,
+        free_parsed(assign_to);
-                "%s:%zu:%zu error: parameter names need to start with a letter "
+        free(assign_to);
+        return (ParsedValueReturn){
+            create_err(
+                token->line, token->column, token->length, file, "Syntax Error",
+                "parameter names need to start with a letter "
                 "or _, "
-                "only use letters, digits, or _, and can't be keywords.\n",
+                "only use letters, digits, or _, and can't be keywords."),
-                file, token->line, token->column);
+            NULL};
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }
     }
     break;
-  default:
+  default:;
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: can't assign to %s\n", file, token->line,
+    ArErr err = create_err(token->line, token->column,
-            token->column, ValueTypeNames[assign_to->type]);
+                                          token->length, file, "Syntax Error",
-    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                                          "can't assign to %s",
+                                          ValueTypeNames[assign_to->type]);
+    free_parsed(assign_to);
+    free(assign_to);
+    return (ParsedValueReturn){err,
+                               NULL};
   }
   ParsedAssign *assign = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedAssign));
   assign->to = assign_to;
   assign->type = token->type;
-  (*index)++;
-  error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
-  token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
-  assign->from = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
-  if (!assign->from) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: syntax error\n", file, token->line,
-            token->column);
-    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-  }
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
   parsedValue->type = AST_ASSIGN;
   parsedValue->data = assign;
-  return parsedValue;
+  (*index)++;
+  error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
+  token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
+  ParsedValueReturn from = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
+  if (from.err.exists) {
+    free_parsed(parsedValue);
+    free(parsedValue);
+    return from;
+  }
+  assign->from = from.value;
+  if (!assign->from) {
+    free_parsed(parsedValue);
+    free(parsedValue);
+    return (ParsedValueReturn){create_err(token->line, token->column,
+                                          token->length, file, "Syntax Error",
+                                          "expected body"),
+                               NULL};
+  }
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
 }
 
 void free_parse_assign(void *ptr) {
@@ -55,7 +72,9 @@ void free_parse_assign(void *ptr) {
   ParsedAssign *parsedAssign = parsedValue->data;
   free_parsed(parsedAssign->to);
   free(parsedAssign->to);
-  free_parsed(parsedAssign->from);
+  if (parsedAssign->from) {
-  free(parsedAssign->from);
+    free_parsed(parsedAssign->from);
+    free(parsedAssign->from);
+  }
   free(parsedAssign);
 }

src/parser/assignable/assign/assign.h

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ typedef struct {
   ParsedValue * from;
 } ParsedAssign;
 
-ParsedValue *parse_assign(char*file, DArray *tokens,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_assign(char *file, DArray *tokens, ParsedValue *assign_to,
-                          ParsedValue *assign_to, size_t *index);
+                          size_t *index);
 
 void free_parse_assign(void*ptr);
 

src/parser/assignable/call/call.c

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-ParsedValue *parse_call(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_call(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
-                        ParsedValue *to_call) {
+                             ParsedValue *to_call) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
   ParsedCall *call = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedCall));
   call->to_call = to_call;
@@ -21,9 +21,26 @@ ParsedValue *parse_call(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
     while ((*index) < tokens->size) {
       skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
-      ParsedValue *parsedArg = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
+      ParsedValueReturn parsedArg = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
-      darray_push(&call->args, parsedArg);
+      if (parsedArg.err.exists) {
-      free(parsedArg);
+        free_parsed(to_call);
+        free(to_call);
+        free_parsed(parsedValue);
+        free(parsedValue);
+        return parsedArg;
+      } else if (!parsedArg.value) {
+        free_parsed(to_call);
+        free(to_call);
+        free_parsed(parsedValue);
+        free(parsedValue);
+
+        return (ParsedValueReturn){
+            create_err(token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
+                       "Syntax Error", "expected argument"),
+            NULL};
+      }
+      darray_push(&call->args, parsedArg.value);
+      free(parsedArg.value);
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
       skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
@@ -40,7 +57,7 @@ ParsedValue *parse_call(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
     }
   }
   (*index)++;
-  return parsedValue;
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
 }
 
 void free_parse_call(void *ptr) {
@@ -49,5 +66,6 @@ void free_parse_call(void *ptr) {
 
   darray_free(&parsedCall->args, free_parsed);
   free_parsed(parsedCall->to_call);
+  free(parsedCall->to_call);
   free(parsedCall);
 }

src/parser/assignable/call/call.h

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ typedef struct {
 } ParsedCall;
 
 // Function declaration for parsing an identifier
-ParsedValue *parse_call(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_call(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
                         ParsedValue *to_call);
 void free_parse_call(void *ptr);
 

src/parser/assignable/identifier/identifier.c

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include "../../../memory.h"
 
-ParsedValue *parse_identifier(Token *token) {
+ParsedValueReturn parse_identifier(Token *token) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
   parsedValue->type = AST_IDENTIFIER;
   parsedValue->data = strcpy(checked_malloc(strlen(token->value) + 1), token->value);
-  return parsedValue;
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
 }

src/parser/assignable/identifier/identifier.h

@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
 #include "../../../lexer/token.h"  // for Token
 
 // Function declaration for parsing an identifier
-ParsedValue * parse_identifier(Token * token);
+ParsedValueReturn parse_identifier(Token *token);
 
 #endif // IDENTIFIER_H

src/parser/declaration/declaration.c

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 #include "declaration.h"
+#include "../../hash_data/hash_data.h"
+#include "../../hashmap/hashmap.h"
 #include "../../lexer/token.h"
 #include "../../memory.h"
+#include "../function/function.h"
 #include "../literals/literals.h"
 #include "../parser.h"
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
+ParsedValueReturn parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   (*index)++;
   error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
   Token *token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
@@ -22,31 +25,36 @@ ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
     darray_push(declarations, &_declaration);
     ParsedSingleDeclaration *declaration =
         darray_get(declarations, declarations->size - 1);
-    declaration->is_function = false;
+    bool isFunction = false;
+    DArray parameters;
     declaration->from = parse_null();
 
     if (token->type != TOKEN_IDENTIFIER) {
-      fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: declaration requires an identifier\n",
+      free_parsed(parsedValue);
-              file, token->line, token->column);
+      free(parsedValue);
-      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+      return (ParsedValueReturn){
+          create_err(token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
+                     "Syntax Error", "declaration requires an identifier"),
+          NULL};
     }
     declaration->name =
         strcpy(checked_malloc(strlen(token->value) + 1), token->value);
 
     (*index)++;
     if ((*index) >= tokens->size)
-      return parsedValue;
+      return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
     token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
     if (token->type == TOKEN_LPAREN) {
-      declaration->is_function = true;
+      isFunction = true;
-      darray_init(&declaration->parameters, sizeof(char *));
+      struct hashmap *parameters_hashmap = createHashmap();
+      darray_init(&parameters, sizeof(char *));
       (*index)++;
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
       token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
       if (token->type == TOKEN_RPAREN) {
         (*index)++;
         if ((*index) >= tokens->size)
-          return parsedValue;
+          return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
         token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
       } else {
         while ((*index) < tokens->size) {
@@ -54,16 +62,33 @@ ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
           error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
           token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
           if (token->type != TOKEN_IDENTIFIER) {
-            fprintf(stderr,
+            free_parsed(parsedValue);
-                    "%s:%zu:%zu error: parameter names need to start with a "
+            free(parsedValue);
-                    "letter or _, only use letters, digits, or _, and can't be "
+            return (ParsedValueReturn){
-                    "keywords.\n",
+                create_err(
-                    file, token->line, token->column);
+                    token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
-            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                    "Syntax Error",
+                    "parameter names need to start with a letter or _, only "
+                    "use letters, digits, or _, and can't be keywords."),
+                NULL};
           }
-          char *parameter_name =
+          uint64_t hash =
-              strcpy(checked_malloc(strlen(token->value) + 1), token->value);
+              siphash64_bytes(token->value, token->length, siphash_key);
-          darray_push(&declaration->parameters, &parameter_name);
+          if (hashmap_lookup(parameters_hashmap, hash) != NULL) {
+            free_parsed(parsedValue);
+            free(parsedValue);
+            return (ParsedValueReturn){
+                create_err(token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
+                           "Syntax Error",
+                           "duplicate argument in function "
+                           "definition"),
+                NULL};
+          }
+          char *parameter_name = checked_malloc(token->length + 1);
+          strcpy(parameter_name, token->value);
+          hashmap_insert(parameters_hashmap, hash, parameter_name, (void *)1,
+                         0);
+          darray_push(&parameters, &parameter_name);
           (*index)++;
           error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
           skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
@@ -72,18 +97,22 @@ ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
           if (token->type == TOKEN_RPAREN) {
             (*index)++;
             if ((*index) >= tokens->size)
-              return parsedValue;
+              return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
             token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
             break;
           } else if (token->type != TOKEN_COMMA) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: expected comma\n", file,
+            free_parsed(parsedValue);
-                    token->line, token->column);
+            free(parsedValue);
-            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+            return (ParsedValueReturn){
+                create_err(token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
+                           "Syntax Error", "expected comma"),
+                NULL};
           }
           (*index)++;
           error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
         }
       }
+      hashmap_free(parameters_hashmap, NULL);
     }
     if (token->type == TOKEN_ASSIGN) {
       (*index)++;
@@ -91,16 +120,30 @@ ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
 
       free(declaration->from);
 
-      declaration->from = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
+      ParsedValueReturn from = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
-      if (!declaration->from) {
+      if (from.err.exists) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: syntax error\n", file, token->line,
+        free_parsed(parsedValue);
-                token->column);
+        free(parsedValue);
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        return from;
+      }
+      declaration->from = from.value;
+      if (!declaration->from) {
+        free_parsed(parsedValue);
+        free(parsedValue);
+        return (ParsedValueReturn){create_err(token->line, token->column,
+                                              token->length, file,
+                                              "Syntax Error", "expected body"),
+                                   NULL};
       }
-      if ((*index) >= tokens->size)
-        break;
-      token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
     }
+    if (isFunction) {
+      declaration->from = create_parsed_function(declaration->name, parameters,
+                                                 declaration->from);
+    }
+    if ((*index) >= tokens->size)
+      break;
+    token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
+
     size_t count = skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
     if ((*index) >= tokens->size)
       break;
@@ -115,7 +158,7 @@ ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
     error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
     token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
   }
-  return parsedValue;
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
 }
 
 void free_string(void *ptr) {
@@ -126,11 +169,12 @@ void free_string(void *ptr) {
 
 void free_single_declaration(void *ptr) {
   ParsedSingleDeclaration *declaration = ptr;
-  free(declaration->name);
+  if (declaration->name)
-  if (declaration->is_function)
+    free(declaration->name);
-    darray_free(&declaration->parameters, free_string);
+  if (declaration->from) {
-  free_parsed(declaration->from);
+    free_parsed(declaration->from);
-  free(declaration->from);
+    free(declaration->from);
+  }
 }
 
 void free_declaration(void *ptr) {

src/parser/declaration/declaration.h

@@ -5,14 +5,11 @@
 
 typedef struct {
   char * name;
-  bool is_function;
-  DArray parameters; // string[]
   ParsedValue * from;
 } ParsedSingleDeclaration;
 
 // Function declaration for parsing an identifier
-ParsedValue *parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_declaration(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index);
-                              size_t *index);
 
 void free_declaration(void *ptr);
 

src/parser/dictionary/dictionary.c

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
-ParsedValue *parse_dictionary(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
+ParsedValueReturn parse_dictionary(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
   parsedValue->type = AST_DICTIONARY;
   DArray *dictionary = checked_malloc(sizeof(DArray));
@@ -23,17 +23,29 @@ ParsedValue *parse_dictionary(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
       size_t keyIndex = *index;
       Token *keyToken = darray_get(tokens, *index);
-      ParsedValue *key;
+      ParsedValueReturn key;
       if (keyToken->type == TOKEN_IDENTIFIER) {
         (*index)++;
         key = parse_string(keyToken, false);
       } else {
         key = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
       }
+      if (key.err.exists) {
+        free_parsed(parsedValue);
+        free(parsedValue);
+        return key;
+      } else if (!key.value) {
+        free_parsed(parsedValue);
+        free(parsedValue);
+        return (ParsedValueReturn){create_err(token->line, token->column,
+                                              token->length, file,
+                                              "Syntax Error", "expected key"),
+                                   NULL};
+      }
       skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
       token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
-      ParsedValue *value;
+      ParsedValueReturn value;
       bool tobreak = false;
       switch (token->type) {
       case TOKEN_COLON:
@@ -41,6 +53,22 @@ ParsedValue *parse_dictionary(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
         skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
         error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
         value = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
+        if (value.err.exists) {
+          free_parsed(parsedValue);
+          free(parsedValue);
+          free_parsed(key.value);
+          free(key.value);
+          return value;
+        } else if (!value.value) {
+          free_parsed(parsedValue);
+          free(parsedValue);
+          free_parsed(key.value);
+          free(key.value);
+          return (ParsedValueReturn){
+              create_err(token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
+                         "Syntax Error", "expected value"),
+              NULL};
+        }
         skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
         error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
         token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
@@ -63,7 +91,7 @@ ParsedValue *parse_dictionary(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
                 token->column);
         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }
-      ParsedDictionaryEntry entry = {key, value};
+      ParsedDictionaryEntry entry = {key.value, value.value};
       darray_push(dictionary, &entry);
       if (tobreak) {
         break;
@@ -73,7 +101,7 @@ ParsedValue *parse_dictionary(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
     }
   }
   (*index)++;
-  return parsedValue;
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
 }
 
 void free_dictionary_entry(void *ptr) {
@@ -88,5 +116,5 @@ void free_parsed_dictionary(void *ptr) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = ptr;
   DArray *parsed_dictionary = parsedValue->data;
   darray_free(parsed_dictionary, free_dictionary_entry);
-  free(parsedValue->data);
+  free(parsed_dictionary);
 }

src/parser/dictionary/dictionary.h

@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ typedef struct {
   ParsedValue * value;
 } ParsedDictionaryEntry;
 
-ParsedValue *parse_dictionary(char *file, DArray *tokens,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_dictionary(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index);
-                      size_t *index);
 
 void free_parsed_dictionary(void *ptr);
 

src/parser/dowrap/dowrap.c

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ void free_string_dowrap(void *ptr) {
   free(str);
 }
 
-ParsedValue *parse_dowrap(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
+ParsedValueReturn parse_dowrap(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
   parsedValue->type = AST_DOWRAP;
   DArray *dowrap_parsed = checked_malloc(sizeof(DArray));
@@ -32,9 +32,13 @@ ParsedValue *parse_dowrap(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   parsedValue->data = dowrap_parsed;
   (*index)++;
   if ((*index) >= tokens->size)
-    return parsedValue;
+    return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
   Token *token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
   if (token->type != TOKEN_NEW_LINE) {
+    return (ParsedValueReturn){create_err(token->line, token->column,
+                                          token->length, file, "Syntax Error",
+                                          "expected body"),
+                               NULL};
     fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: syntax error\n", file, token->line,
             token->column);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ ParsedValue *parse_dowrap(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
         break;
       }
       if (temp_indent_depth > indent_depth) {
-        size_t indent_amount = temp_indent_depth-indent_depth;
+        size_t indent_amount = temp_indent_depth - indent_depth;
         Token indent_token;
         indent_token.line = token->line;
         indent_token.column = token->column;
@@ -85,21 +89,27 @@ ParsedValue *parse_dowrap(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
       }
       temp_indent_depth_toggle = false;
       temp_indent_depth = 0;
-      temp_index_count=0;
+      temp_index_count = 0;
       darray_push(&dowrap_tokens, token);
     }
   }
-  (*index)-=temp_index_count;
+  (*index) -= temp_index_count;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i<temp_index_count;i++) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < temp_index_count; i++) {
     darray_pop(&dowrap_tokens, NULL);
   }
-  parser(file, dowrap_parsed, &dowrap_tokens, false);
+  ArErr err = parser(file, dowrap_parsed, &dowrap_tokens, false);
 
   darray_free(&dowrap_tokens, NULL);
 
   darray_free(&to_free, free_string_dowrap);
 
-  return parsedValue;
+  if (err.exists) {
+    free_parsed(parsedValue);
+    free(parsedValue);
+    return (ParsedValueReturn){err, NULL};
+  }
+
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
 }
 
 void free_dowrap(void *ptr) {

src/parser/dowrap/dowrap.h

@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
 #include "../../lexer/token.h"  // for Token
 
 // Function declaration for parsing an identifier
-ParsedValue *parse_dowrap(char *file, DArray *tokens,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_dowrap(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index);
-                              size_t *index);
 
 void free_dowrap(void *ptr);
 

src/parser/function/function.c

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#include "function.h"
+#include "../../memory.h"
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+ParsedValue *create_parsed_function(char *name, DArray parameters,
+                                  ParsedValue *body) {
+  ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
+  parsedValue->type=AST_FUNCTION;
+  ParsedFunction *parsedFunction = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedFunction));
+  parsedValue->data=parsedFunction;
+  parsedFunction->name=strcpy(checked_malloc(strlen(name) + 1), name);
+  parsedFunction->body = body;
+  parsedFunction->parameters=parameters;
+  return parsedValue;
+}
+
+void free_parameter(void *ptr) {
+  char** data = ptr;
+  free(*data);
+}
+
+void free_function(void *ptr) {
+  ParsedValue *parsedValue = ptr;
+  ParsedFunction *parsed = parsedValue->data;
+  free_parsed(parsed->body);
+  free(parsed->body);
+  free(parsed->name);
+  darray_free(&parsed->parameters, free_parameter);
+  free(parsed);
+}

src/parser/function/function.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef FUNCTION_H
+#define FUNCTION_H
+#include "../../lexer/token.h" // for Token
+#include "../parser.h"
+
+typedef struct {
+  char * name;
+  DArray parameters;
+  ParsedValue *body;
+} ParsedFunction;
+
+ParsedValue *create_parsed_function(char *name, DArray parameters,
+                                  ParsedValue *body);
+
+void free_function(void *ptr);
+
+#endif // FUNCTION_H

src/parser/if/if.c

@@ -6,7 +6,17 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
-ParsedValue *parse_if(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
+void free_conditional(void *ptr) {
+  ParsedConditional *conditional = ptr;
+  if (conditional->condition) {
+    free_parsed(conditional->condition);
+    free(conditional->condition);
+  }
+  free_parsed(conditional->content);
+  free(conditional->content);
+}
+
+ParsedValueReturn parse_if(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   (*index)++;
   error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
 
@@ -35,28 +45,50 @@ ParsedValue *parse_if(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
       }
     }
 
-    ParsedValue *condition = NULL;
+    ParsedValueReturn condition = {no_err, NULL};
 
     if (token->type != TOKEN_ELSE) {
       // Parse ( condition )
       token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
       if (token->type != TOKEN_LPAREN) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: expected '(' after if\n", file,
+        darray_free(parsed_if, free_conditional);
-                token->line, token->column);
+        free(parsed_if);
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        return (ParsedValueReturn){
+            create_err(token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
+                       "Syntax Error", "expected '(' after if"),
+            NULL};
       }
 
       (*index)++;
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
       skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
       condition = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
+      if (condition.err.exists) {
+        darray_free(parsed_if, free_conditional);
+        free(parsed_if);
+        return condition;
+      } else if (!condition.value) {
+        darray_free(parsed_if, free_conditional);
+        free(parsed_if);
+        return (ParsedValueReturn){
+            create_err(token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
+                       "Syntax Error", "expected condition"),
+            NULL};
+      }
       skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
 
       token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
       if (token->type != TOKEN_RPAREN) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: missing closing ')' in condition\n",
+        if (condition.value) {
-                file, token->line, token->column);
+          free_parsed(condition.value);
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+          free(condition.value);
+        }
+        darray_free(parsed_if, free_conditional);
+        free(parsed_if);
+        return (ParsedValueReturn){
+            create_err(token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
+                       "Syntax Error", "missing closing ')' in condition"),
+            NULL};
       }
 
       (*index)++;
@@ -64,15 +96,32 @@ ParsedValue *parse_if(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
     }
 
     // Parse the body
-    ParsedValue *parsed_content = parse_token(file, tokens, index, false);
+    ParsedValueReturn parsed_content = parse_token(file, tokens, index, false);
 
-    if (!parsed_content) {
+    if (parsed_content.err.exists) {
-      fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: expected body after condition\n", file,
+      if (condition.value) {
-              token->line, token->column);
+        free_parsed(condition.value);
-      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        free(condition.value);
+      }
+      darray_free(parsed_if, free_conditional);
+      free(parsed_if);
+      return parsed_content;
     }
 
-    ParsedConditional conditional = {condition, parsed_content};
+    if (!parsed_content.value) {
+      if (condition.value) {
+        free_parsed(condition.value);
+        free(condition.value);
+      }
+      darray_free(parsed_if, free_conditional);
+      free(parsed_if);
+      return (ParsedValueReturn){create_err(token->line, token->column,
+                                            token->length, file, "Syntax Error",
+                                            "expected body"),
+                                 NULL};
+    }
+
+    ParsedConditional conditional = {condition.value, parsed_content.value};
     darray_push(parsed_if, &conditional);
 
     expect_conditional =
@@ -98,22 +147,12 @@ ParsedValue *parse_if(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   //   printf("    - content value type: %d\n", cond->content->type);
   // }
 
-  return parsedValue;
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
-}
-
-void free_conditional(void *ptr) {
-  ParsedConditional *conditional = ptr;
-  if (conditional->condition) {
-    free_parsed(conditional->condition);
-    free(conditional->condition);
-  }
-  free_parsed(conditional->content);
-  free(conditional->content);
 }
 
 void free_parsed_if(void *ptr) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = ptr;
   DArray *parsed_if = parsedValue->data;
   darray_free(parsed_if, free_conditional);
-  free(parsedValue->data);
+  free(parsed_if);
 }

src/parser/if/if.h

@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ typedef struct {
   ParsedValue *content;
 } ParsedConditional;
 
-ParsedValue *parse_if(char *file, DArray *tokens,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_if(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index);
-                      size_t *index);
 
 void free_parsed_if(void *ptr);
 

src/parser/list/list.c

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
-ParsedValue *parse_list(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
+ParsedValueReturn parse_list(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
   parsedValue->type = AST_LIST;
   DArray *list = checked_malloc(sizeof(DArray));
@@ -19,9 +19,14 @@ ParsedValue *parse_list(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   if (token->type != TOKEN_RBRACKET) {
     while (true) {
       skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
-      ParsedValue *parsedValue = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
+      ParsedValueReturn parsedItem = parse_token(file, tokens, index, true);
-      darray_push(list, parsedValue);
+      if (parsedItem.err.exists) {
-      free(parsedValue);
+        free_parsed(parsedValue);
+        free(parsedValue);
+        return parsedItem;
+      }
+      darray_push(list, parsedItem.value);
+      free(parsedItem.value);
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
       skip_newlines_and_indents(tokens, index);
       error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
@@ -38,12 +43,12 @@ ParsedValue *parse_list(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
     }
   }
   (*index)++;
-  return parsedValue;
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
 }
 
 void free_parsed_list(void *ptr) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = ptr;
   DArray *parsed_list = parsedValue->data;
   darray_free(parsed_list, free_parsed);
-  free(parsedValue->data);
+  free(parsed_list);
 }

src/parser/list/list.h

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 #include "../../lexer/token.h" // for Token
 #include "../parser.h"
 
-ParsedValue *parse_list(char *file, DArray *tokens,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_list(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index);
-                      size_t *index);
 
 void free_parsed_list(void *ptr);
 

src/parser/number/number.c

@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@
 //     return 0;
 // }
 
-ParsedValue *parse_number(Token *token) {
+ParsedValueReturn parse_number(Token *token) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
   parsedValue->type = AST_NUMBER;
   parsedValue->data = strdup(token->value);
-  return parsedValue;
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parsedValue};
 }

src/parser/number/number.h

@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
 #include "../../lexer/token.h"  // for Token
 
 // Function declaration for parsing an identifier
-ParsedValue * parse_number(Token * token);
+ParsedValueReturn parse_number(Token *token);
 
 #endif // NUMBER_H

src/parser/operations/operations.c

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-ParsedValue *convert_to_operation(DArray *to_operate_on, DArray *operations) {
+ParsedValue convert_to_operation(DArray *to_operate_on, DArray *operations) {
   if (to_operate_on->size == 1) {
-    return darray_get(to_operate_on, 0);
+    return *((ParsedValue *)darray_get(to_operate_on, 0));
   }
   TokenType operation = 0;
   DArray positions;
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ ParsedValue *convert_to_operation(DArray *to_operate_on, DArray *operations) {
     }
     darray_push(&positions, &i);
   }
-  ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
+  ParsedValue parsedValue;
-  parsedValue->type = AST_OPERATION;
+  parsedValue.type = AST_OPERATION;
   ParsedOperation *operationStruct = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedOperation));
-  parsedValue->data = operationStruct;
+  parsedValue.data = operationStruct;
   operationStruct->operation = operation;
   darray_init(&operationStruct->to_operate_on, sizeof(ParsedValue));
   size_t last_position = 0;
@@ -37,21 +37,24 @@ ParsedValue *convert_to_operation(DArray *to_operate_on, DArray *operations) {
         to_operate_on, to_operate_on_last_position, (*position) + 1);
     DArray operations_slice =
         darray_slice(operations, last_position, *position);
-    darray_push(&operationStruct->to_operate_on,
+    ParsedValue result =
-                convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on_slice, &operations_slice));
+        convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on_slice, &operations_slice);
+    darray_push(&operationStruct->to_operate_on, &result);
     last_position = (*position);
     to_operate_on_last_position = (*position) + 1;
   }
-  DArray to_operate_on_slice =
+  DArray to_operate_on_slice = darray_slice(
-      darray_slice(to_operate_on, to_operate_on_last_position, to_operate_on->size);
+      to_operate_on, to_operate_on_last_position, to_operate_on->size);
-  DArray operations_slice = darray_slice(operations, last_position, operations->size);
+  DArray operations_slice =
-  darray_push(&operationStruct->to_operate_on,
+      darray_slice(operations, last_position, operations->size);
-              convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on_slice, &operations_slice));
+  ParsedValue result =
+      convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on_slice, &operations_slice);
+  darray_push(&operationStruct->to_operate_on, &result);
   darray_free(&positions, NULL);
   return parsedValue;
 }
 
-ParsedValue *parse_operations(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_operations(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
                               ParsedValue *first_parsed_value) {
   DArray to_operate_on;
   darray_init(&to_operate_on, sizeof(ParsedValue));
@@ -75,15 +78,29 @@ ParsedValue *parse_operations(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
     darray_push(&operations, &token->type);
     (*index)++;
     error_if_finished(file, tokens, index);
-    ParsedValue *parsedValue =
+    ParsedValueReturn parsedValue =
         parse_token_full(file, tokens, index, true, false);
-    darray_push(&to_operate_on, parsedValue);
+    if (parsedValue.err.exists) {
-    free(parsedValue);
+      darray_free(&to_operate_on, free_parsed);
+      darray_free(&operations, NULL);
+      return parsedValue;
+    } else if (!parsedValue.value) {
+      darray_free(&to_operate_on, free_parsed);
+      darray_free(&operations, NULL);
+      return (ParsedValueReturn){
+            create_err(token->line, token->column, token->length, file,
+                       "Syntax Error", "expected value"),
+            NULL};
+    }
+    darray_push(&to_operate_on, parsedValue.value);
+    free(parsedValue.value);
   }
-  ParsedValue *output = convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on, &operations);
+  ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
+  ParsedValue output = convert_to_operation(&to_operate_on, &operations);
+  memcpy(parsedValue, &output, sizeof(ParsedValue));
   darray_free(&to_operate_on, NULL);
   darray_free(&operations, NULL);
-  return output;
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err,parsedValue};
 }
 
 void free_operation(void *ptr) {

src/parser/operations/operations.h

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ typedef struct {
   DArray to_operate_on; // ParsedValue[]
 } ParsedOperation;
 
-ParsedValue *parse_operations(char*file,DArray *tokens, size_t * index, ParsedValue * first_parsed_value);
+ParsedValueReturn parse_operations(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+                              ParsedValue *first_parsed_value);
 
 void free_operation(void *ptr);
 

src/parser/parser.c

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "declaration/declaration.h"
 #include "dictionary/dictionary.h"
 #include "dowrap/dowrap.h"
+#include "function/function.h"
 #include "if/if.h"
 #include "list/list.h"
 #include "literals/literals.h"
@@ -22,9 +23,9 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 const char *ValueTypeNames[] = {
-    "string",  "assign",     "identifier",  "number",    "if statement",
+    "string",  "assign",     "identifier",  "number",     "if statement",
-    "access",  "call",       "declaration", "null",      "boolean",
+    "access",  "call",       "declaration", "null",       "boolean",
-    "do wrap", "operations", "list",        "dictionary"};
+    "do wrap", "operations", "list",        "dictionary", "function"};
 
 void error_if_finished(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   if ((*index) >= tokens->size) {
@@ -53,11 +54,11 @@ size_t skip_newlines_and_indents(DArray *tokens, size_t *index) {
   return count;
 }
 
-ParsedValue *parse_token_full(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_token_full(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
-                              bool inline_flag, bool process_operations) {
+                                   bool inline_flag, bool process_operations) {
   Token *token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
 
-  ParsedValue *output = NULL;
+  ParsedValueReturn output;
 
   if (!inline_flag) {
     switch (token->type) {
@@ -70,15 +71,15 @@ ParsedValue *parse_token_full(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
   switch (token->type) {
   case TOKEN_TRUE:
     (*index)++;
-    output = parse_true();
+    output = (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parse_true()};
     break;
   case TOKEN_FALSE:
     (*index)++;
-    output = parse_false();
+    output = (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parse_false()};
     break;
   case TOKEN_NULL:
     (*index)++;
-    output = parse_null();
+    output = (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, parse_null()};
     break;
   case TOKEN_STRING:
     (*index)++;
@@ -86,18 +87,20 @@ ParsedValue *parse_token_full(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
     break;
   case TOKEN_NEW_LINE:
     (*index)++;
-    return NULL;
+    return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, NULL};
-  case TOKEN_INDENT:
+  case TOKEN_INDENT:;
+    Token *token_indent = token;
     if (strlen(token->value) > 0 && (*index + 1) < tokens->size) {
       token = darray_get(tokens, (*index) + 1);
       if (token->type != TOKEN_NEW_LINE) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: invalid indentation\n", file,
+        return (ParsedValueReturn){
-                token->line, token->column);
+            create_err(token_indent->line, token_indent->column, token_indent->length, file,
-        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                       "Syntax Error", "unexpected indent"),
+            NULL};
       }
     }
     (*index)++;
-    return NULL;
+    return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err, NULL};
   case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
     (*index)++;
     output = parse_identifier(token);
@@ -127,6 +130,9 @@ ParsedValue *parse_token_full(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
   // LHS required
   bool passed = false;
   while (!passed && (*index) < tokens->size) {
+    if (output.err.exists) {
+      return output;
+    }
     token = darray_get(tokens, *index);
     switch (token->type) {
     case TOKEN_ASSIGN:
@@ -137,18 +143,18 @@ ParsedValue *parse_token_full(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
     case TOKEN_ASSIGN_PLUS:
     case TOKEN_ASSIGN_SLASH:
     case TOKEN_ASSIGN_STAR:
-      output = parse_assign(file, tokens, output, index);
+      output = parse_assign(file, tokens, output.value, index);
       break;
     case TOKEN_LPAREN:
-      output = parse_call(file, tokens, index, output);
+      output = parse_call(file, tokens, index, output.value);
       break;
     case TOKEN_DOT:
     case TOKEN_LBRACKET:
-      output = parse_access(file, tokens, index, output);
+      output = parse_access(file, tokens, index, output.value);
       break;
       SWITCH_OPERATIONS
       if (process_operations) {
-        output = parse_operations(file, tokens, index, output);
+        output = parse_operations(file, tokens, index, output.value);
         break;
       }
       /* fall through */
@@ -160,18 +166,21 @@ ParsedValue *parse_token_full(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
   return output;
 }
 
-ParsedValue *parse_token(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_token(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
-                         bool inline_flag) {
+                              bool inline_flag) {
   return parse_token_full(file, tokens, index, inline_flag, true);
 }
 
-void parser(char *file, DArray *parsed, DArray *tokens, bool inline_flag) {
+ArErr parser(char *file, DArray *parsed, DArray *tokens, bool inline_flag) {
   size_t index = 0;
   bool expecting_new_line = false;
   while (index < tokens->size) {
     size_t old_index = index;
-    ParsedValue *parsed_code = parse_token(file, tokens, &index, inline_flag);
+    ParsedValueReturn parsed_code =
-    if (parsed_code) {
+        parse_token(file, tokens, &index, inline_flag);
+    if (parsed_code.err.exists) {
+      return parsed_code.err;
+    } else if (parsed_code.value) {
       if (expecting_new_line) {
         Token *token = darray_get(tokens, old_index);
         fprintf(stderr, "%s:%zu:%zu error: expected a new line\n", file,
@@ -179,8 +188,8 @@ void parser(char *file, DArray *parsed, DArray *tokens, bool inline_flag) {
         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       }
       expecting_new_line = true;
-      darray_push(parsed, parsed_code);
+      darray_push(parsed, parsed_code.value);
-      free(parsed_code);
+      free(parsed_code.value);
     } else {
       expecting_new_line = false;
     }
@@ -232,5 +241,7 @@ void free_parsed(void *ptr) {
   case AST_DICTIONARY:
     free_parsed_dictionary(parsed);
     break;
+  case AST_FUNCTION:
+    free_function(parsed);
   }
 }

src/parser/parser.h

@@ -2,26 +2,28 @@
 #define PARSER_H
 
 #include "../dynamic_array/darray.h"
+#include "../err.h"
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
-#define SWITCH_OPERATIONS case TOKEN_AND:\
+#define SWITCH_OPERATIONS                                                      \
-case TOKEN_OR:\
+  case TOKEN_AND:                                                              \
-case TOKEN_NOT_IN:\
+  case TOKEN_OR:                                                               \
-case TOKEN_IN:\
+  case TOKEN_NOT_IN:                                                           \
-case TOKEN_LE:\
+  case TOKEN_IN:                                                               \
-case TOKEN_GE:\
+  case TOKEN_LE:                                                               \
-case TOKEN_LT:\
+  case TOKEN_GE:                                                               \
-case TOKEN_GT:\
+  case TOKEN_LT:                                                               \
-case TOKEN_NE:\
+  case TOKEN_GT:                                                               \
-case TOKEN_EQ:\
+  case TOKEN_NE:                                                               \
-case TOKEN_PLUS:\
+  case TOKEN_EQ:                                                               \
-case TOKEN_MINUS:\
+  case TOKEN_PLUS:                                                             \
-case TOKEN_MODULO:\
+  case TOKEN_MINUS:                                                            \
-case TOKEN_STAR:\
+  case TOKEN_MODULO:                                                           \
-case TOKEN_FLOORDIV:\
+  case TOKEN_STAR:                                                             \
-case TOKEN_SLASH:\
+  case TOKEN_FLOORDIV:                                                         \
-case TOKEN_CARET:
+  case TOKEN_SLASH:                                                            \
+  case TOKEN_CARET:
 
 typedef struct LinkedList LinkedList;
 
@@ -39,27 +41,33 @@ typedef enum {
   AST_DOWRAP,
   AST_OPERATION,
   AST_LIST,
-  AST_DICTIONARY
+  AST_DICTIONARY,
+  AST_FUNCTION
 } ValueType;
 
-extern const char* ValueTypeNames[];
+extern const char *ValueTypeNames[];
 
 typedef struct {
   ValueType type;
   void *data;
 } ParsedValue;
 
-void parser(char *file, DArray *parsed, DArray *tokens, bool inline_flag);
+typedef struct {
+  ArErr err;
+  ParsedValue *value;
+} ParsedValueReturn;
 
-ParsedValue *parse_token_full(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+ArErr parser(char *file, DArray *parsed, DArray *tokens, bool inline_flag);
-                         bool inline_flag, bool process_operations);
 
-ParsedValue *parse_token(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+ParsedValueReturn parse_token_full(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
+                              bool inline_flag, bool process_operations);
+
+ParsedValueReturn parse_token(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index,
                          bool inline_flag);
 
 void free_parsed(void *ptr);
 
-void error_if_finished(char *file,DArray *tokens, size_t *index);
+void error_if_finished(char *file, DArray *tokens, size_t *index);
 
 size_t skip_newlines_and_indents(DArray *tokens, size_t *index);
 

src/parser/string/string.c

@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ char *unquote(char *str, size_t *decoded_len) {
   return unescaped;
 }
 
-ParsedValue *parse_string(Token* token, bool to_unquote) {
+ParsedValueReturn parse_string(Token* token, bool to_unquote) {
   ParsedValue *parsedValue = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedValue));
   parsedValue->type = AST_STRING;
   ParsedString *parsedString = checked_malloc(sizeof(ParsedString));
@@ -253,11 +253,19 @@ ParsedValue *parse_string(Token* token, bool to_unquote) {
   if (to_unquote) {
     parsedString->length = 0;
     parsedString->string = unquote(token->value, &parsedString->length);
+    if (!parsedString->string) {
+      free(parsedValue);
+      free(parsedString);
+      return (ParsedValueReturn){create_err(token->line, token->column,
+                                            token->length, NULL, "String Error",
+                                            "failed to unquote string %s", token->value),
+                                 NULL};
+    }
   } else {
     parsedString->string = strdup(token->value);
     parsedString->length = token->length;
   }
-  return parsedValue;
+  return (ParsedValueReturn){no_err,parsedValue};
 }
 
 void free_parsed_string(void *ptr) {

src/parser/string/string.h

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ char *swap_quotes(char *input, char quote);
 
 char *unquote(char *str, size_t *decoded_len);
 
-ParsedValue *parse_string(Token* token, bool to_unquote);
+ParsedValueReturn parse_string(Token* token, bool to_unquote);
 
 void free_parsed_string(void *ptr);
 

src/returnTypes.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#ifndef RETURN_TYPES_H
+#define RETURN_TYPES_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "arobject.h"
+
+#define ERR_MSG_MAX_LEN 256
+
+typedef struct ArErr {
+  bool exists;
+  char *path;
+  int64_t line;
+  int64_t column;
+  int length;
+  char type[32];
+  char message[ERR_MSG_MAX_LEN];
+} ArErr;
+
+typedef struct Execution {
+  ArErr err;
+  Stack stack;
+} Execution;
+#endif // RETURN_TYPES_

src/runtime/internals/dynamic_array_armem/darray_armem.c

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+#include "darray_armem.h"
+#include "../../../memory.h"
+#include <gc/gc.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+void darray_armem_init(darray_armem *arr, size_t element_size) {
+  arr->element_size = element_size;
+  arr->size = 0;
+  arr->capacity = CHUNK_SIZE;
+  arr->data = ar_alloc(CHUNK_SIZE * element_size);
+  arr->resizable = true;
+  if (!arr->data) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_init: allocation failed\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
+
+void darray_armem_resize(darray_armem *arr, size_t new_size) {
+  if (!arr->resizable) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_resize: unresizable darray_armem\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  size_t new_capacity = ((new_size + CHUNK_SIZE) / CHUNK_SIZE) * CHUNK_SIZE;
+  if (new_capacity != arr->capacity) {
+    void *new_data = ar_alloc(new_capacity * arr->element_size);
+    memccpy(new_data,arr->data, arr->element_size, arr->capacity);
+    if (!new_data) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_resize: reallocation failed\n");
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    arr->data = new_data;
+    arr->capacity = new_capacity;
+  }
+
+  arr->size = new_size;
+}
+
+void darray_armem_push(darray_armem *arr, void *element) {
+  if (!arr->resizable) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_resize: unresizable darray_armem\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  if (arr->size >= arr->capacity) {
+    darray_armem_resize(arr, arr->size + 1);
+  } else {
+    arr->size++;
+  }
+
+  void *target = (char *)arr->data + (arr->size - 1) * arr->element_size;
+  memcpy(target, element, arr->element_size);
+}
+
+void darray_armem_pop(darray_armem *arr, void (*free_data)(void *)) {
+  if (!arr->resizable) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_resize: unresizable darray_armem\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  if (arr->size == 0)
+    return;
+
+  if (free_data) {
+    void *target = (char *)arr->data + (arr->size-1) * arr->element_size;
+    free_data(target);
+  }
+  
+  darray_armem_resize(arr, arr->size-1);
+}
+
+void *darray_armem_get(darray_armem *arr, size_t index) {
+  if (index >= arr->size) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_get: index out of bounds\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  return (char *)arr->data + index * arr->element_size;
+}
+
+darray_armem darray_armem_slice(darray_armem *arr, size_t start, size_t end) {
+  if (start > end || end > arr->size) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "darray_armem_slice: invalid slice range\n");
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+
+  darray_armem slice;
+
+  slice.data = (char *)arr->data + start * arr->element_size;
+  slice.size = (end - start);
+  slice.element_size = arr->element_size;
+  slice.capacity = ((slice.size + CHUNK_SIZE) / CHUNK_SIZE) * CHUNK_SIZE;
+  slice.resizable = false;
+
+  return slice;
+}
+
+void darray_armem_free(darray_armem *arr, void (*free_data)(void *)) {
+  if (!arr->resizable) {
+    // It's a view/slice — don't free
+    return;
+  }
+  if (free_data) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < arr->size; ++i) {
+      void *element = (char *)arr->data + i * arr->element_size;
+      free_data(element);
+    }
+  }
+  free(arr->data);
+  arr->data = NULL;
+  arr->size = 0;
+  arr->capacity = 0;
+  arr->element_size = 0;
+  arr->resizable = false;
+}

src/runtime/internals/dynamic_array_armem/darray_armem.h

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#ifndef darray_armem_H
+#define darray_armem_H
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h> // for size_t
+
+#define CHUNK_SIZE 1048576
+
+typedef struct {
+  void *data;
+  size_t element_size;
+  size_t size;
+  size_t capacity;
+  bool resizable;
+} darray_armem;
+
+// Initializes the dynamic_array
+void darray_armem_init(darray_armem *arr, size_t element_size);
+
+// Pushes an element onto the array
+void darray_armem_push(darray_armem *arr, void *element);
+
+// Pops the last element, calling `free_data` if provided
+void darray_armem_pop(darray_armem *arr, void (*free_data)(void *));
+
+// Gets a pointer to an element at index
+void *darray_armem_get(darray_armem *arr, size_t index);
+
+// Frees the entire array and optionally each element
+void darray_armem_free(darray_armem *arr, void (*free_data)(void *));
+
+// Resizes the array to a new size (internal use, but exposed)
+void darray_armem_resize(darray_armem *arr, size_t new_size);
+
+darray_armem darray_armem_slice(darray_armem *arr, size_t start, size_t end);
+
+#endif // darray_armem_H

src/runtime/internals/hashmap/hashmap.c

@@ -7,47 +7,47 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-struct hashmap *createHashmap() {
+struct hashmap_GC *createHashmap_GC() {
   size_t size = 8;
-  struct hashmap *t = (struct hashmap *)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct hashmap));
+  struct hashmap_GC *t = (struct hashmap_GC *)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct hashmap_GC));
   t->size = size;
   t->order = 1;
-  t->list = (struct node **)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct node *) * size);
+  t->list = (struct node_GC **)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct node_GC *) * size);
-  memset(t->list, 0, sizeof(struct node *) * size);
+  memset(t->list, 0, sizeof(struct node_GC *) * size);
   return t;
 }
 
-void resize_hashmap(struct hashmap *t) {
+void resize_hashmap_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t) {
   int old_size = t->size;
   int new_size = old_size * 2;
 
-  struct node **old_list = t->list;
+  struct node_GC **old_list = t->list;
 
   // Create new list
-  t->list = (struct node **)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct node *) * new_size);
+  t->list = (struct node_GC **)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct node_GC *) * new_size);
-  memset(t->list, 0, sizeof(struct node *) * new_size);
+  memset(t->list, 0, sizeof(struct node_GC *) * new_size);
 
   t->size = new_size;
   t->count = 0;
 
   // Rehash old entries into new list
   for (int i = 0; i < old_size; i++) {
-    struct node *temp = old_list[i];
+    struct node_GC *temp = old_list[i];
     while (temp) {
-      hashmap_insert(t, temp->hash, temp->key, temp->val,
+      hashmap_insert_GC(t, temp->hash, temp->key, temp->val,
                      temp->order); // Will increment count
       temp = temp->next;
     }
   }
 }
 
-int hashCode(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash) { return hash % t->size; }
+int hashCode_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash) { return hash & (t->size - 1); }
 
-int hashmap_remove(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash) {
+int hashmap_remove_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash) {
-  int pos = hashCode(t, hash);
+  int pos = hashCode_GC(t, hash);
-  struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node_GC *list = t->list[pos];
-  struct node *temp = list;
+  struct node_GC *temp = list;
-  struct node *prev = NULL;
+  struct node_GC *prev = NULL;
   while (temp) {
     if (temp->hash == hash) {
       if (prev)
@@ -65,18 +65,18 @@ int hashmap_remove(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-void hashmap_insert(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash, void *key,
+void hashmap_insert_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash, void *key,
                     void *val, size_t order) {
   if (!order) {
     order = t->order++;
   }
   if ((t->count + 1) > t->size * 0.75) {
-    resize_hashmap(t);
+    resize_hashmap_GC(t);
   }
 
-  int pos = hashCode(t, hash);
+  int pos = hashCode_GC(t, hash);
-  struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node_GC *list = t->list[pos];
-  struct node *temp = list;
+  struct node_GC *temp = list;
 
   // Check if key exists → overwrite
   while (temp) {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ void hashmap_insert(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash, void *key,
   }
 
   // Insert new node
-  struct node *newNode = (struct node *)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct node));
+  struct node_GC *newNode = (struct node_GC *)ar_alloc(sizeof(struct node_GC));
   newNode->hash = hash;
   newNode->key = key;
   newNode->val = val;
@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ void hashmap_insert(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash, void *key,
   t->count++;
 }
 
-void *hashmap_lookup(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash) {
+void *hashmap_lookup_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash) {
-  int pos = hashCode(t, hash);
+  int pos = hashCode_GC(t, hash);
-  struct node *list = t->list[pos];
+  struct node_GC *list = t->list[pos];
-  struct node *temp = list;
+  struct node_GC *temp = list;
   while (temp) {
     if (temp->hash == hash) {
       return temp->val;

src/runtime/internals/hashmap/hashmap.h

@@ -1,33 +1,31 @@
-#ifndef HASHMAP_H
+#ifndef HASHMAP_GC_H
-#define HASHMAP_H
+#define HASHMAP_GC_H
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
-typedef struct ArgonObject ArgonObject;
+struct node_GC {
-
-struct node {
   uint64_t hash;
   void *key;
   void *val;
   size_t order;
-  struct node *next;
+  struct node_GC *next;
 };
-struct hashmap {
+struct hashmap_GC {
   size_t size;
   size_t count;
   size_t order;
-  struct node **list;
+  struct node_GC **list;
 };
 
-struct hashmap *createHashmap();
+struct hashmap_GC *createHashmap_GC();
 
-int hashCode(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash);
+int hashCode_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash);
 
-int hashmap_remove(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash);
+int hashmap_remove_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash);
 
-void hashmap_insert(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash, void *key,
+void hashmap_insert_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash, void *key,
                     void *val, size_t order);
 
-void *hashmap_lookup(struct hashmap *t, uint64_t hash);
+void *hashmap_lookup_GC(struct hashmap_GC *t, uint64_t hash);
 
-#endif // HASHMAP_H
+#endif // HASHMAP_GC_H

src/runtime/internals/siphash/siphash.h

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-/*
-   SipHash reference C implementation
-
-   Copyright (c) 2012-2021 Jean-Philippe Aumasson
-   <jeanphilippe.aumasson@gmail.com>
-   Copyright (c) 2012-2014 Daniel J. Bernstein <djb@cr.yp.to>
-
-   To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright
-   and related and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain
-   worldwide. This software is distributed without any warranty.
-
-   You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along
-   with
-   this software. If not, see
-   <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
- */
-
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-int siphash(const void *in, const size_t inlen, const void *k, uint8_t *out,
-            const size_t outlen);

src/runtime/objects/functions/functions.c

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#include "../../runtime.h"
+#include "../object.h"
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+ArgonObject *ARGON_FUNCTION_TYPE = NULL;
+
+void init_function_type() {
+  ARGON_FUNCTION_TYPE = init_argon_class("Function");
+}
+
+void load_argon_function(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state,
+                                 struct Stack stack) {
+  ArgonObject *object = init_child_argon_object(ARGON_FUNCTION_TYPE);
+  object->type = TYPE_FUNCTION;
+  uint64_t offset = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  uint64_t length = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  object->name = ar_alloc_atomic(length + 1);
+  memcpy(object->name, arena_get(&translated->constants, offset), length);
+  object->name[length] = '\0';
+  object->value.argon_fn.number_of_parameters = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  object->value.argon_fn.parameters =
+      ar_alloc(object->value.argon_fn.number_of_parameters * sizeof(char *));
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < object->value.argon_fn.number_of_parameters; i++) {
+    offset = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+    length = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+    object->value.argon_fn.parameters[i] = ar_alloc_atomic(length + 1);
+    memcpy(object->value.argon_fn.parameters[i], arena_get(&translated->constants, offset), length);
+    object->value.argon_fn.parameters[i][length] = '\0';
+  }
+  offset = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  length = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  darray_armem_init(&object->value.argon_fn.bytecode, sizeof(uint64_t));
+  darray_armem_resize(&object->value.argon_fn.bytecode, length/object->value.argon_fn.bytecode.element_size);
+  memcpy(object->value.argon_fn.bytecode.data, arena_get(&translated->constants, offset), length);
+  object->value.argon_fn.stack = stack;
+  state->registers[0]=object;
+}

src/runtime/objects/functions/functions.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#ifndef FUNCTION_H
+#define FUNCTION_H
+#include "../object.h"
+
+void init_function_type();
+
+ArgonObject *load_argon_function(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state, struct Stack stack);
+
+#endif // FUNCTION_H

src/runtime/objects/null/null.c

@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include "null.h"
 
+ArgonObject *ARGON_NULL_TYPE = NULL;
 ArgonObject *ARGON_NULL = NULL;
 
 void init_null() {
-    ARGON_NULL = init_argon_object();
+    ARGON_NULL_TYPE = init_argon_class("NULL_TYPE");
+
+    ARGON_NULL = init_child_argon_object(ARGON_NULL_TYPE);
+    ARGON_NULL->type=TYPE_NULL;
 }

src/runtime/objects/object.c

@@ -1,24 +1,37 @@
 #include "object.h"
+#include "../../hash_data/hash_data.h"
 #include "../../memory.h"
-#include "../runtime.h"
+#include "type/type.h"
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
-ArgonObject *BASE_OBJECT = NULL;
+ArgonObject *BASE_CLASS = NULL;
 
 void init_base_field() {
-    add_field(BASE_OBJECT, "test", BASE_OBJECT);
+  // add_field(BASE_CLASS, "test", BASE_CLASS);
 }
 
-ArgonObject* init_argon_object() {
+ArgonObject *init_child_argon_object(ArgonObject *cls) {
-    ArgonObject *object = ar_alloc(sizeof(ArgonObject));
+  ArgonObject *object = init_argon_class(NULL);
-    object->type = TYPE_OBJECT;
+  object->self = object;
-    object->typeObject = NULL;
+  object->baseObject = cls;
-    object->baseObject = BASE_OBJECT;
+  add_field(object, "__call__", NULL);
-    object->fields = createHashmap();
+  return object;
-    memset(&object->value, 0, sizeof(object->value));
-    return object;
 }
 
-void add_field(ArgonObject*target, char* name, ArgonObject *object) {
+ArgonObject *init_argon_class(char *name) {
-    hashmap_insert(target->fields, siphash64_bytes(name, strlen(name)),name, object,  0);
+  ArgonObject *object = ar_alloc(sizeof(ArgonObject));
+  object->name = name;
+  object->type = TYPE_OBJECT;
+  object->self = NULL;
+  object->baseObject = ARGON_TYPE;
+  object->fields = createHashmap_GC();
+  memset(&object->value, 0, sizeof(object->value));
+  return object;
+}
+
+void add_field(ArgonObject *target, char *name, ArgonObject *object) {
+  hashmap_insert_GC(target->fields,
+                    siphash64_bytes(name, strlen(name), siphash_key), name,
+                    object, 0);
 }

src/runtime/objects/object.h

@@ -1,43 +1,15 @@
 #ifndef OBJECT_H
 #define OBJECT_H
 #include "../internals/hashmap/hashmap.h"
-#include <gmp.h>
+#include "../runtime.h"
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
-extern ArgonObject *BASE_OBJECT;
+extern ArgonObject *BASE_CLASS;
 
-struct string_struct {
-  char *data;
-  size_t length;
-};
-
-typedef enum {
-  TYPE_NULL,
-  TYPE_BOOL,
-  TYPE_NUMBER,
-  TYPE_STRING,
-  TYPE_FUNCTION,
-  TYPE_NATIVE_FUNCTION,
-  TYPE_OBJECT, // generic user object
-} ArgonType;
-
-struct ArgonObject {
-  ArgonType type;
-  ArgonObject *baseObject;
-  ArgonObject *typeObject;
-  struct hashmap *fields; // dynamic fields/methods
-  union {
-    mpq_t as_number;
-    bool as_bool;
-    struct string_struct as_str;
-    void *native_fn;
-    // others as needed
-  } value;
-};
 typedef struct ArgonObject ArgonObject;
 void init_base_field();
+ArgonObject *init_child_argon_object(ArgonObject *cls);
+ArgonObject *init_argon_class(char *name);
 
-ArgonObject *init_argon_object();
+void add_field(ArgonObject *target, char *name, ArgonObject *object);
-
-void add_field(ArgonObject*target, char* name, ArgonObject *object);
 #endif // OBJECT_H

src/runtime/objects/string/string.c

@@ -2,23 +2,18 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include "string.h"
 
 ArgonObject *ARGON_STRING_TYPE = NULL;
-ArgonObject *ARGON_STRING_BASE = NULL;
 
 void init_string_type() {
-  ARGON_STRING_TYPE = init_argon_object();
+  ARGON_STRING_TYPE = init_argon_class("String");
-
-  ARGON_STRING_BASE = init_argon_object();
 
 }
 
 ArgonObject *init_string_object(char*data, size_t length) {
-  fwrite(data, 1, length, stdout);
+  ArgonObject * object = init_child_argon_object(ARGON_STRING_TYPE);
-  printf("\n");
+  object->type = TYPE_STRING;
-  ArgonObject * object = init_argon_object();
-  object->typeObject = ARGON_STRING_TYPE;
-  object->baseObject = ARGON_STRING_BASE;
   object->value.as_str.data = data;
   object->value.as_str.length = length;
   return object;

src/runtime/objects/type/type.c

@@ -6,5 +6,6 @@
 ArgonObject *ARGON_TYPE = NULL;
 
 void init_type() {
-    ARGON_TYPE = init_argon_object();
+    ARGON_TYPE = init_argon_class("type");
+    ARGON_TYPE->baseObject = BASE_CLASS;
 }

src/runtime/runtime.c

@@ -1,88 +1,102 @@
 #include "runtime.h"
+#include "../err.h"
 #include "../translator/translator.h"
-#include "internals/siphash/siphash.h"
+#include "objects/functions/functions.h"
 #include "objects/null/null.h"
 #include "objects/object.h"
 #include "objects/string/string.h"
 #include "objects/type/type.h"
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <gc/gc.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+uint64_t bytes_to_uint64(const uint8_t bytes[8]) {
+  uint64_t value = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+    value |= ((uint64_t)bytes[i]) << (i * 8);
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
 void init_types() {
-  BASE_OBJECT = init_argon_object();
+  BASE_CLASS = init_argon_class("BASE_CLASS");
 
   init_type();
+  init_function_type();
   init_null();
   init_string_type();
 
   init_base_field();
 }
 
+uint8_t pop_byte(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state) {
+  return *((uint8_t *)darray_get(&translated->bytecode, state->head++));
+}
+
 uint64_t pop_bytecode(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state) {
-  uint64_t *instruction = darray_get(&translated->bytecode, state->head++);
+  uint8_t bytes[8];
-  return *instruction;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(bytes); i++) {
+    bytes[i] = *((uint8_t *)darray_get(&translated->bytecode, state->head++));
+  }
+  return bytes_to_uint64(bytes);
 }
 
 void load_const(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state) {
-  uint64_t to_register = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  uint64_t to_register = pop_byte(translated, state);
-  types type = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+  types type = pop_byte(translated, state);
   size_t length = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
   uint64_t offset = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
 
-  void*data = ar_alloc(length);
+  void *data = ar_alloc_atomic(length);
-  memcpy(data, arena_get(&translated->constants,offset), length);
+  memcpy(data, arena_get(&translated->constants, offset), length);
   ArgonObject *object = ARGON_NULL;
   switch (type) {
-    case TYPE_OP_STRING:
+  case TYPE_OP_STRING:
-      object = init_string_object(data, length);
+    object = init_string_object(data, length);
-      break;
+    break;
   }
   state->registers[to_register] = object;
 }
 
-void run_instruction(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state) {
+ArErr run_instruction(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state,
-  OperationType opcode = pop_bytecode(translated, state);
+                      struct Stack stack) {
+  OperationType opcode = pop_byte(translated, state);
   switch (opcode) {
   case OP_LOAD_NULL:
-    state->registers[pop_bytecode(translated, state)] = ARGON_NULL;
+    state->registers[pop_byte(translated, state)] = ARGON_NULL;
     break;
   case OP_LOAD_CONST:
-    load_const(translated,state);
+    load_const(translated, state);
     break;
+  case OP_LOAD_FUNCTION:
+    load_argon_function(translated, state, stack);
+    break;
+  default:
+    return create_err(0, 0, 0, NULL, "Runtime Error", "Invalid Opcode %#x", opcode);
   }
+  return no_err;
 }
 
-void runtime(Translated translated) {
+RuntimeState init_runtime_state(Translated translated) {
-  RuntimeState state = {
+  return (RuntimeState){
       checked_malloc(translated.registerCount * sizeof(ArgonObject *)), 0};
-
-  while (state.head < translated.bytecode.size)
-    run_instruction(&translated, &state);
-  free(state.registers);
 }
 
-static uint8_t siphash_key[16];
+Stack create_scope(Stack *prev) { return (Stack){NULL, prev}; }
 
-void generate_siphash_key() {
+ArErr runtime(Translated translated, RuntimeState state, Stack stack) {
-  int fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
+  state.head = 0;
-  if (fd < 0 || read(fd, siphash_key, 16) != 16) {
+  while (state.head < translated.bytecode.size) {
-    // Fallback or abort
+    ArErr err = run_instruction(&translated, &state, stack);
+    if (err.exists) {
+      return err;
+    }
   }
-  close(fd);
+  free(state.registers);
-}
+  return no_err;
-
-uint64_t siphash64_bytes(const void *data, size_t len) {
-  uint8_t out[8];
-  if (siphash(data, len, siphash_key, out, sizeof(out)) != 0)
-    return 0;
-
-  uint64_t hash = 0;
-  for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
-    hash |= ((uint64_t)out[i]) << (8 * i);
-
-  return hash;
 }

src/runtime/runtime.h

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define RUNTIME_H
 #include "../translator/translator.h"
 #include "internals/hashmap/hashmap.h"
+#include "../returnTypes.h"
 
 typedef struct {
   ArgonObject **registers;
@@ -10,12 +11,15 @@ typedef struct {
 
 void init_types();
 
-void run_instruction(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state);
+uint64_t pop_bytecode(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state);
 
-void runtime(Translated translated);
+ArErr run_instruction(Translated *translated, RuntimeState *state,
+                      struct Stack stack);
 
-uint64_t siphash64_bytes(const void *data, size_t len);
+RuntimeState init_runtime_state(Translated translated);
 
-void generate_siphash_key();
+Stack create_scope(Stack *prev);
+
+ArErr runtime(Translated translated, RuntimeState state, Stack stack);
 
 #endif // RUNTIME_H

src/translator/bytecode_spec.md

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 # Bytecode Specification
 
+all opcodes are uint8_t, and all operands are uint64_t unless marked with an asterisk (*), where it is marked as uint8_t
+
 ## OP_LOAD_CONST
 
 loads and initialises a value from the constant buffer into the provided register.
 
 this operation 4 operands.
 
-1. the register to write to.
+1. the register to write to. (*)
-2. the type of data from the constant buffer.
+2. the type of data from the constant buffer. (*)
 3. the length of the data in the constant buffer.
 4. the offset in the constant buffer.
 
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ this operation takes 3 operands.
 
 1. the length of the variable name.
 2. the offset in the constant buffer of the variable name.
-3. the register of the given value
+3. the register of the given value (*)
 
 ## OP_LOAD_NULL
 
@@ -27,4 +29,17 @@ sets a given register to null.
 
 this operation takes 1 operand.
 
-1. the register to set to null.
+1. the register to set to null. (*)
+
+## OP_LOAD_FUNCTION
+
+initilises a function to a given register.
+
+1. the offset of the name of the function.
+2. the length of the name of the function.
+3. the number of arguments.
+4. the offset of the name of the argument.
+5. the length of the name of the argument.
+6. instruction 4 and 5 loop for each argument.
+7. the offset of the bytecode of the function.
+8. the length of the bytecode of the function.

src/translator/declaration/declaration.c

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ size_t translate_parsed_declaration(Translated *translated,
   set_registers(translated, 1);
   size_t first = 0;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < delcarations.size; i++) {
-    // TODO: add function delclaration
     ParsedSingleDeclaration *singleDeclaration = darray_get(&delcarations, i);
     size_t temp = translate_parsed(translated, singleDeclaration->from);
     if (i == 0)
@@ -18,14 +17,14 @@ size_t translate_parsed_declaration(Translated *translated,
     size_t offset =
         arena_push(&translated->constants, singleDeclaration->name, length);
 
-    push_instruction_code(translated, OP_DECLARE);
+    push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_DECLARE);
     push_instruction_code(translated, length);
     push_instruction_code(translated, offset);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, 0);
+    push_instruction_byte(translated, 0);
   }
   if (delcarations.size != 1) {
-    push_instruction_code(translated, OP_LOAD_NULL);
+    push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_LOAD_NULL);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, 0);
+    push_instruction_byte(translated, 0);
   }
   return first;
 }

src/translator/function/function.c

@@ -1,9 +1,37 @@
 #include "function.h"
 #include "../translator.h"
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 size_t translate_parsed_function(Translated *translated,
-                                 ParsedValue *parsedValue) {
+                                 ParsedFunction *parsedFunction) {
-  return 0;
+  DArray main_bytecode = translated->bytecode;
+  DArray _temp_bytecode;
+  darray_init(&_temp_bytecode, sizeof(uint8_t));
+  translated->bytecode = _temp_bytecode;
+  translate_parsed(translated, parsedFunction->body);
+  size_t function_bytecode_offset =
+      arena_push(&translated->constants, translated->bytecode.data,
+                 translated->bytecode.size*translated->bytecode.element_size);
+  size_t function_bytecode_length = translated->bytecode.size;
+  darray_free(&translated->bytecode, NULL);
+  translated->bytecode = main_bytecode;
+  size_t start = push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_LOAD_FUNCTION);
+  size_t offset = arena_push(&translated->constants, parsedFunction->name,
+                             strlen(parsedFunction->name));
+  push_instruction_code(translated, offset);
+  push_instruction_code(translated, strlen(parsedFunction->name));
+  push_instruction_code(translated, parsedFunction->parameters.size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < parsedFunction->parameters.size; i++) {
+    char **parameter_name = darray_get(&parsedFunction->parameters, i);
+    offset = arena_push(&translated->constants, *parameter_name,
+                        strlen(*parameter_name));
+    push_instruction_code(translated, offset);
+    push_instruction_code(translated, strlen(*parameter_name));
+  }
+  push_instruction_code(translated, function_bytecode_offset);
+  push_instruction_code(translated, function_bytecode_length*translated->bytecode.element_size);
+  return start;
 }

src/translator/function/function.h

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef BYTECODE_FUNCTION_H
 #define BYTECODE_FUNCTION_H
 #include "../translator.h"
+#include "../../parser/function/function.h"
 
 size_t translate_parsed_function(Translated *translated,
-                                  ParsedValue *parsedValue);
+                                ParsedFunction *parsedFunction);
 
 #endif

src/translator/identifier/identifier.c

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "../translator.h"
+#include "identifier.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+size_t translate_parsed_identifier(Translated *translated, char* identifier) {
+  size_t length = strlen(identifier);
+  size_t identifier_pos = arena_push(&translated->constants, identifier, length);
+  set_registers(translated, 1);
+  size_t start = push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_IDENTIFIER);
+  push_instruction_code(translated,length);
+  push_instruction_code(translated, identifier_pos);
+  return start;
+}

src/translator/identifier/identifier.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef BYTECODE_IDENTIFIER_H
+#define BYTECODE_IDENTIFIER_H
+#include "../translator.h"
+#include "../../parser/assignable/identifier/identifier.h"
+
+size_t translate_parsed_identifier(Translated *translated, char* identifier);
+
+#endif

src/translator/number/number.c

@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ size_t translate_parsed_number(Translated *translated, char *number_str, size_t
   size_t number_pos = arena_push(&translated->constants, number_str, length);
   set_registers(translated, to_register+1);
   
-  size_t start = push_instruction_code(translated, OP_LOAD_CONST);
+  size_t start = push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_LOAD_CONST);
-  push_instruction_code(translated, to_register);
+  push_instruction_byte(translated, to_register);
 
-  push_instruction_code(translated, TYPE_OP_NUMBER);
+  push_instruction_byte(translated, TYPE_OP_NUMBER);
   push_instruction_code(translated,length);
   push_instruction_code(translated, number_pos);
   return start;

src/translator/string/string.c

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 size_t translate_parsed_string(Translated *translated, ParsedString parsedString) {
   size_t string_pos = arena_push(&translated->constants, parsedString.string, parsedString.length);
   set_registers(translated, 1);
-  size_t start = push_instruction_code(translated, OP_LOAD_CONST);
+  size_t start = push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_LOAD_CONST);
-  push_instruction_code(translated, 0);
+  push_instruction_byte(translated, 0);
-  push_instruction_code(translated, TYPE_OP_STRING);
+  push_instruction_byte(translated, TYPE_OP_STRING);
   push_instruction_code(translated,parsedString.length);
   push_instruction_code(translated, string_pos);
   return start;

src/translator/translator.c

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 #include "translator.h"
+#include "../hash_data/hash_data.h"
+#include "../hashmap/hashmap.h"
 #include "declaration/declaration.h"
+#include "function/function.h"
+#include "identifier/identifier.h"
 #include "number/number.h"
 #include "string/string.h"
 #include <stddef.h>
@@ -8,10 +12,17 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+void uint64_to_bytes(uint64_t value, uint8_t bytes[8]) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+    bytes[i] = (value >> (i * 8)) & 0xFF;
+  }
+}
+
 void arena_init(ConstantArena *arena) {
   arena->data = checked_malloc(CHUNK_SIZE);
   arena->capacity = CHUNK_SIZE;
   arena->size = 0;
+  arena->hashmap = createHashmap();
 }
 
 void arena_resize(ConstantArena *arena, size_t new_size) {
@@ -31,6 +42,7 @@ void arena_free(ConstantArena *arena) {
   free(arena->data);
   arena->capacity = 0;
   arena->size = 0;
+  hashmap_free(arena->hashmap, NULL);
 }
 
 void *arena_get(ConstantArena *arena, size_t offset) {
@@ -38,42 +50,57 @@ void *arena_get(ConstantArena *arena, size_t offset) {
 }
 
 size_t arena_push(ConstantArena *arena, const void *data, size_t length) {
-  if (arena->size >= length) {
+  uint64_t hash = siphash64_bytes(data, length, siphash_key);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i <= (arena->size - length); i++) {
+
-      if (memcmp(data, arena->data + i, length) == 0) {
+  // Look up offset in hashmap
-        return i;
+  void *val = hashmap_lookup(arena->hashmap, hash);
-      }
+  if (val != NULL) {
+    size_t offset =
+        (size_t)(uintptr_t)val - 1; // stored as pointer but really offset
+    // Verify to avoid collision false positive
+    if (memcmp(arena->data + offset, data, length) == 0) {
+      return offset;
     }
   }
+
+  // Not found: append data
   arena_resize(arena, arena->size + length);
   size_t offset = arena->size;
   memcpy(arena->data + arena->size, data, length);
   arena->size += length;
+
+  // Insert into hashmap: store offset as pointer-sized integer
+  hashmap_insert(arena->hashmap, hash, (void *)data,
+                 (void *)(uintptr_t)offset + 1, 0);
+
   return offset;
 }
 
 Translated init_translator() {
   Translated translated;
   translated.registerCount = 0;
-  darray_init(&translated.bytecode, sizeof(uint64_t));
+  darray_init(&translated.bytecode, sizeof(uint8_t));
   arena_init(&translated.constants);
   return translated;
 }
 
-void set_instruction_code(Translated *translator, size_t offset,
+size_t push_instruction_byte(Translated *translator, uint8_t byte) {
-                          uint64_t code) {
-  size_t *ptr = (translator->bytecode.data + offset);
-  *ptr = code;
-}
-
-size_t push_instruction_code(Translated *translator, uint64_t code) {
-  code = htole64(code);
   size_t offset = translator->bytecode.size;
-  darray_push(&translator->bytecode, &code);
+  darray_push(&translator->bytecode, &byte);
   return offset;
 }
 
-void set_registers(Translated *translator, size_t count) {
+size_t push_instruction_code(Translated *translator, uint64_t code) {
+  size_t offset = translator->bytecode.size;
+  uint8_t bytes[8];
+  uint64_to_bytes(code, bytes);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(bytes); i++) {
+    darray_push(&translator->bytecode, &(bytes[i]));
+  }
+  return offset;
+}
+
+void set_registers(Translated *translator, uint8_t count) {
   if (count > translator->registerCount)
     translator->registerCount = count;
 }
@@ -81,16 +108,23 @@ void set_registers(Translated *translator, size_t count) {
 size_t translate_parsed(Translated *translated, ParsedValue *parsedValue) {
   switch (parsedValue->type) {
   case AST_STRING:
-    return translate_parsed_string(translated, *((ParsedString*)parsedValue->data));
+    return translate_parsed_string(translated,
+                                   *((ParsedString *)parsedValue->data));
   case AST_DECLARATION:
-    return translate_parsed_declaration(translated, *((DArray*)parsedValue->data));
+    return translate_parsed_declaration(translated,
+                                        *((DArray *)parsedValue->data));
   case AST_NUMBER:
-    return translate_parsed_number(translated, (char*)parsedValue->data, 0);
+    return translate_parsed_number(translated, (char *)parsedValue->data, 0);
   case AST_NULL:
     set_registers(translated, 1);
-    size_t output = push_instruction_code(translated, OP_LOAD_NULL);
+    size_t output = push_instruction_byte(translated, OP_LOAD_NULL);
-    push_instruction_code(translated, 0);
+    push_instruction_byte(translated, 0);
     return output;
+  case AST_FUNCTION:
+    return translate_parsed_function(translated,
+                                     (ParsedFunction *)parsedValue->data);
+  case AST_IDENTIFIER:
+    return translate_parsed_identifier(translated, (char *)parsedValue->data);
   }
   return 0;
 }

src/translator/translator.h

@@ -4,33 +4,37 @@
 #include "../dynamic_array/darray.h"
 #include "../memory.h"
 #include "../parser/parser.h"
+#include "../hashmap/hashmap.h"
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-typedef enum { OP_LOAD_CONST = 255, OP_DECLARE, OP_LOAD_NULL } OperationType;
+typedef enum { OP_LOAD_CONST, OP_DECLARE, OP_LOAD_NULL, OP_LOAD_FUNCTION, OP_IDENTIFIER } OperationType;
-typedef enum { TYPE_OP_STRING = 255, TYPE_OP_NUMBER } types;
+typedef enum { TYPE_OP_STRING, TYPE_OP_NUMBER } types;
 
 typedef struct {
   void *data;
   size_t capacity;
   size_t size;
+  struct hashmap * hashmap;
 } ConstantArena;
 
 typedef struct {
-  size_t registerCount;
+  uint8_t registerCount;
   DArray bytecode;
   ConstantArena constants;
 } Translated;
 
+void arena_resize(ConstantArena *arena, size_t new_size);
+
 void *arena_get(ConstantArena *arena, size_t offset);
 
 size_t arena_push(ConstantArena *arena, const void *data, size_t length);
 
-void set_instruction_code(Translated * translator, size_t offset, uint64_t code);
+size_t push_instruction_byte(Translated *translator, uint8_t byte);
 
 size_t push_instruction_code(Translated *translator, uint64_t code);
 
-void set_registers(Translated *translator, size_t count);
+void set_registers(Translated *translator, uint8_t count);
 
 Translated init_translator();
 

test.ar

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-null
-
-
 "h"
 "e"
 "ll"

test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import string
+from itertools import product
+import sys
+
+def generate_names(max_width, skip_keywords=None):
+    if skip_keywords is None:
+        skip_keywords = {"if", "else", "while", "forever", "for", "break", "continue",
+                         "return", "let", "import", "from", "do", "true", "false", "null",
+                         "delete", "not", "try", "catch", "in"}
+    else:
+        skip_keywords = set(skip_keywords)
+
+    chars = string.ascii_lowercase
+    first = True
+    write = sys.stdout.write
+
+    for length in range(1, max_width + 1):
+        print(length, file=sys.stderr)
+        i = 0
+        for p in product(chars, repeat=length):
+            name = ''.join(p)
+            if name in skip_keywords:
+                continue
+            if not first:
+                write('\n')
+            write(name)
+            first = False
+            if i>10000000:
+                break
+            i+=1
+
+# Example usage:
+max_width = 15
+# sys.stdout.write("let ")
+generate_names(max_width)

testing.ar

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+let x = 10